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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of CD69 expression and Th1 cytokines release from human peripheral blood lymphocytes after in vitro stimulation with Alloiococcus otitidis and three middle ear pathogens (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 43 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Alloiococcus otitidis is a recently discovered pathogen of otitis media. However, only a limited number of studies are available about the pathogenic and immunological role of A. otitidis. The aim of this study was to investigate the activation and the cytokine production of human peripheral blood lymphocytes at the early immune response after stimulation with A. otitidis. After stimulation of whole human peripheral blood lymphocytes for 18 h with whole killed A. otitidis or the three major middle ear pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis), the expression of CD69 and the production of cytokines were analyzed. The expression of CD69 on T cells and B cells was dose-dependently enhanced after stimulation with A. otitidis. The release of interleukin (IL)-12 was induced after stimulation with A. otitidis, whereas the release of IL-4 was not induced after stimulation with A. otitidis. In addition, the release of interferon (IFN)-γ was induced after stimulation with A. otitidis. Although the release of IFN-γ started within 18 h after stimulation with A. otitidis, intracellular production of IFN-γ was not observed in either CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells within 18 h upon stimulation. The patterns of CD69 expression and T helper-type 1 (Th1)-promoting cytokines production were similarly shown when human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated with the other three major pathogens. Our results suggest that A. otitidis has sufficient immunogenic potential to modulate a host immune response, like the other three major middle ear pathogens, and also suggest that the immunogenicity of A. otitidis is very similar, at the early immune response, to that of the three major middle ear pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsim.2004.10.014
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Alloiococcus otitidis and three pathogens of otitis media in production of interleukin-12 by human monocyte cell line (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 29 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Alloiococcus otitidis is detected in middle ear effusion of otitis media with effusion (OME). Only a limited number of studies are available concerning the immunological profile of A. otitidis. We have studied the ability of A. otitidis and three other representative pathogens of otitis media to stimulate the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) from a monocytic cell line THP-1. Viable A. otitidis induced the production of IL-12 in THP-1 cells but IL-12 production was reduced if glutaraldehyde-fixed bacteria were used as stimulants. When viable bacteria were physically separated from THP-1 cells during the stimulation period, remarkable reductions of IL-12 secretion were shown after challenge with Gram-positive bacteria A. otitidis and S. pneumoniae. When stimulated with soluble extracts of A. otitidis, THP-1 secreted IL-12 in a dose-dependent manner. The subfraction with a molecular mass over 100 kDa showed a strong ability to induce IL-12 production. Our results show that A. otitidis has immunostimulatory capacity with regard to IL-12 production. We also show that soluble antigen(s) of A. otitidis can modulate the immune response in OME.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01511.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adrenergic innervation of the eighth nerve and vestibular end organs in man (1979)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 224 (1979), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Eighth nerve ; Inner ear ; Human ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Menière ; Neurilemoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine the adrenergic, bloodvessel-independent innervation of the 8th nerve and inner ear specimens in patients with otoneurological diseases. Specifically fluorescent adrenergic axons were scantily seen among the myelinated nerve fibers in the 8th nerve and in the subepithelial regions of the end organs but not in the endolymphatic sac.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00455219
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cochlear nerve fiber populations in 25 patients with profound deafness due to Menière's disease or sudden deafness (1982)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 234 (1982), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Menière's disease ; Sudden deafness ; Neurectomy ; Cochlear nerve ; Fiber counts ; Audiometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surgical biopsy specimens of the cochlear nerve from 19 patients with Menière's disease and six patients with sudden deafness were studied. The total number of myelinated nerve fibers in the transverse fascicular area of each nerve were counted and the results were correlated with the clinical and preoperative audiological data. The total number of cochlear neurons in patients with Menière's disease ranged from 5,760 to 27,722 and in patients with sudden deafness from 8,500 to 22,714. The long duration of the disease or absent speech discrimination appeared not to be connected with lower numbers of neurons than preserved speech discrimination or short history of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00453623
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The morphology of the vestibular nerve in a patient with normal vestibular function and in patients with Ménière's disease (1977)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 215 (1977), S. 45-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Vestibular nerve morphology ; Histopathology of Ménière's disease ; Ménière's disease ; Vestibular nerve pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the vestibular nerve was studied in three fresh nerve specimens obtained by surgery from two patients with Ménière's disease and one patient with tinnitus after an attack of sudden deafness. The number of nerve fibres appeared light microscopically normal. The vestibular ganglion cells of the Ménière-specimens showed, as a characteristic finding advanced vesiculation of the cytoplasm. This change was confirmed by electron microscopy and the vacuoles appeared to consist of widened endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Numerous primary lysosomes and lipofuscin granules were observed in all vestibular ganglion cells but their number appeared increased in the specimens from Ménière-patients. Some of the vestibular ganglion cells of these patients showed a filamentous appearance and the number of glycogen granules seemed reduced in all of them. All vestibular ganglion cells observed were unmyelinated. The degenerative changes observed might explain the typical elevation of the threshold for vestibular stimulation in Ménière's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00463190
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demyelinating disease as the assumed cause of hearing loss and vertigo (1981)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 230 (1981), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Sudden deafness ; Vertigo ; Neurectomy ; Eighth nerve ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Demyelinating disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A patient initially presenting typical symptoms of idiopathic sudden deafness later developed disabling episodic vertigo, which led to translabyrinthine eighth nerve transection. Morphological examination of the removed cochlear nerve specimen revealed a demyelinating process in the neuroglial portion of the nerve. The major part of the peripheral, neurolemmal portion of the cochlear nerve was normal. The inferior vestibular nerve was fibrotic. The major part of the superior vestibular nerve was normal. Some of its peripheral bundles showed increased endoneurial fibrosis. It is suggested that a demyelinating process was the cause of the patient's symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00456145
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Making and breaking the innervation of the ear: neurotrophic support during ear development and its clinical implications (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 369-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Neurotrophins ; Ear development ; trk receptors ; Mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Analyses of single and double mutants of members of the neurotrophin family and their receptors are reviewed. These data demonstrate that the two neurotrophins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and their high-affinity receptors trkB and trkC, are the sole support for the developing afferent innervation of the ear. Neurotrophins are first expressed in the otocyst around the time afferent sensory neurons become postmitotic. They are crucial for the survival of certain topologically distinct populations of sensory neurons. BDNF supports all sensory neurons to the semicircular canals, most sensory neurons to the saccule and utricle, and many sensory neurons to the apex and middle turn of the cochlea. In contrast, NT-3 supports few sensory neurons to the utricle and saccule, all sensory neurons to the basal turn of the cochlea and most sensory neurons to the middle and apical turn. Some topologically restricted effects reflect the pattern of neurotrophin distribution as revealed by in situ hybridization (e.g., loss of all innervation to the semicircular canal sensory epithelia in BDNF or trkB mutants). However, other topologically restricted effects cannot be explained on the basis of current knowledge of neurotrophin or neurotrophin receptor distribution. Data on mutants also support the notion that BDNF may play a role in neonatal plastic reorganization of the pattern of innervation in the ear and possibly the brainstem. In contrast, data obtained thus far on the ability of neurotrophins to rescue adult sensory neuron after insults to cochlear hair cells are less compelling. The ear is a model system to test the interactions of the two neurotrophins, BDNF and NT-3, with their two high-affinity receptors, trkB and trkC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051244
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