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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of the poisoning by thiophene of supported nickel catalysts (1992)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry research 31 (1992), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00001a022
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal monomer addition policies for composition control of emulsion terpolymersIn memoriam Prof. G. M. Guzman, Facultad de Sciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1992), S. 47-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird ein Näherungsverfahren zur Berechnung der optimalen Monomerzugabe zur Kontrolle der Zusammensetzung der Polymeren bei Emulsions-Terpolymerisationen vorgestellt. Das Modell erlaubt nicht nur die Berechnung der Anfangsbeschickung des Reaktors, sondern auch die Berechnung der Zugaberaten der einzelnen Monomeren. Dabei wurden Monomerzugabeverfahren für Reaktoren mit begrenztem Fassungsvermögen unter Berücksichtigung der vom Feststoffgehalt des Latex abhängigen Wärmeaustauschrate erhalten. Simulationsrechnungen zeigen, daß das vorgestellte Näherungsverfahren zur Produktion homogener Terpolymerer in wesentlich kürzeren Prozeßzeiten führt, als sie der klassische Prozeß zur Herstellung ähnlich homogener Polymerer erfordert.
    Notes: An approach for the calculation of the optimal monomer addition policies for polymer composition control in emulsion terpolymerization is presented. The model allows the calculation of the composition of the initial charge of the reactor and the time dependent monomer addition rates. Monomer addition strategies for reactors with limited capacity for heat removal were obtained. A heat removal rate dependent on the latex solids content was considered. Simulation showed that the present approach leads to the production of homogeneous terpolymers in process times which are significantly shorter than that required by the classical starved process to produce a terpolymer of similar homogeneity.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1992.051940105
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-line control of a semibatch emulsion polymerization reactor based on calorimetry (1997)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 1069-1081 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work, on-line calorimetry was used to estimate the conversion and the copolymer composition in emulsion polymerization systems. Real-time feedback control of the polymer composition during the semibatch emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate was carried out. Both homogeneous copolymers and copolymers with previous defined composition profiles were obtained. It was shown that the feedback control was able to avoid monomer accumulation in the reactor, and hence potentially dangerous thermal runaways, without any deleterious effect on the polymer composition, when a sudden inhibition was caused by deliberately adding a solution of hydroquinone. The use of feedback control for the maximization of the production rate under safe conditions in the unseeded emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and VeoVa10 (an alkyl vinyl ester from Shell) is also presented.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690430420
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of reactivity ratios using emulsion copolymerization data (1991)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 29 (1991), S. 155-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An approach for the estimation of reactivity ratios using cumulative copolymer composition-overall conversion data obtained in batch emulsion copolymerization is presented. The approach is based on an algorithm for parameter estimation in ordinary differential equations and takes into account the partition of the comonomers between the different phases present in the system. Both copolymer composition and conversion were considered to be affected by experimental errors. The method was first checked by using simulated data that included random errors. The effect of the initial guess and level of errors on the values of the estimated reactivity ratios was investigated. Once the approach was checked, it was used to estimate the reactivity ratios of the styrene-acrylonitrile system based on data obtained in unseeded batch emulsion copolymerizations of these monomers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1991.080290203
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of the photoinitiated inverse microemulsion polymerization of 2-methacryloyl oxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 737-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: inverse microemulsion polymerization ; MADQUAT ; nucleation ; photopolymerization ; molecular weights ; flocculants ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of inverse microemulsions of 2-methacryloyl oxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride stabilized by a blend of nonionic emulsifiers (a sorbitan sesquioleate and a sorbitan monooleate) and initiated by UV light in the presence of Azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) was investigated. The effect of initiator concentration, light intensity, emulsifier concentration, and dispersed phase weight fraction on the polymerization rate (Rp), number of polymer particles (Np), and polymer molecular weight (Mw) was studied. The application of this process to tubular reactors is discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 737-748, 1998
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved methods for solving monomer partitioning in emulsion copolymer systems (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51 (1994), S. 1985-1990 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new algorithm for the calculation of monomer partitioning in emulsion copolymer systems is presented. The algorithm can be applied both to monodisperse and polydisperse systems and the outputs of the algorithm include the distribution of the volume fractions of the monomers according to the particle size distribution, the volume fractions of the monomers in the monomer droplets, and the aqueous phase and the total volumes of all the phases in the system. The algorithm can handle both Interval II and Interval III conditions, using the same set of equations. This results in substantial computer time savings during the simulation of emulsion copolymerization systems. Examples of applications are given. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070511201
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Minimum-time strategy to produce nonuniform emulsion copolymers. I. Theory (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 57 (1995), S. 1063-1074 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method for calculating the optimal monomer addition policy to produce emulsion copolymers with a given composition profile is presented. The approach allows the calculation of the time evolution of the monomer feed rates that ensure the formation of the desired copolymer composition profile in a minimum process time. The method was applied by simulation to obtain widely different copolymer composition profiles during the emulsion copolymerization of butyl acrylate and styrene. The results were compared with those obtained by means of the power feed method. In these calculations, it was assumed that both the kinetic model and the values of the kinetic parameters are available. The implementation of this approach to real emulsion copolymerization systems in which only a limited kinetic information is available is presented in the second article of this series. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070570905
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsion copolymerization of vinyl esters in continuous reactors: Comparison between loop and continuous stirred tank reactors (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 56 (1995), S. 419-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The high solids emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and veova 10 was studied in a continuous loop reactor and in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in an attempt to elucidate the similarities and differences between these reactors. Reactions were carried out under comparable conditions, namely, similar macromixing and the same feed composition and space time. The behavior of both reactors was almost the same when the heat generation rate was low; otherwise, thermal runaway occurred in the CSTR whereas the loop reactor temperature was easily controlled. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070560402
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parameter estimation in emulsion copolymerization using reaction calorimeter data (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 55 (1995), S. 1231-1239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The feasibility of estimating the kinetic parameters of emulsion copolymerization using only calorimetric measurements was investigated by simulation. It was found that for the case in which the average number of radicals per particle exceeds 0.5 only two of the three estimable parameters (kI, ka, and kt) could be estimated together provided that an accurate value for the third parameter is available from independent measurements. For systems with n̄〈0.5, the three unknown parameters kI, kd, and ka were accurately estimated. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070550810
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Minimum-time strategy to produce nonuniform emulsion copolymers. II. Open-loop control (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 57 (1995), S. 1217-1226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An iterative approach was developed to determine the optimal monomer addition policies in real emulsion copolymerization systems in which only limited kinetic information is available. The approach was applied to obtain widely different copolymer composition profiles for the emulsion copolymerization of butyl acrylate and styrene. The approach involves a series of semicontinuous emulsion copolymerizations carried out in an openloop control mode. Each reaction was used to obtain an estimation of the kinetics of the process that was used to calculate the monomer addition profiles for the next experiment. The method is model-independent and converges rapidly. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070571007
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