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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fast deposition of amorphous carbon films by an expanding cascaded arc plasma jet (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 528-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Using an expanding cascaded arc plasma jet, amorphous hydrogenated and fluorohydrogenated carbon films were deposited on silicon, glass, and steel substrates at high rates of tens of nanometers per second and on large areas of up to 100 cm2. The present work was aimed at depositing amorphous carbon films suited for optical and protective applications. Films deposited with the common argon/methane or argon/acetylene mixture tend to delaminate from the substrate when the film is thicker than about 1 μm. For this reason, also trials using other compounds like C7H8 (toluene), CF4, and H2, and mixtures of these, were carried out. Using toluene, several-μm-thick films with good adhesion to the substrate were deposited. With spectroscopic ellipsometry and infrared absorption spectroscopy optical parameters were obtained. Appropriate numerical models were developed for analyzing the data, taking into account interference fringes in the spectra due to multiple reflections in the thin film. The hydrogen and oxygen content in the films were determined with nuclear recoil techniques. Films deposited with the use of methane and acetylene are diamondlike with mainly sp3 bonding types, and a hydrogen content ranging from 36 to 26 at. % (with a low oxygen contamination of 1–2 at. %). Films deposited with the use of toluene are more polymerlike, with also sp1 and sp2 bonding types. These films have a high hydrogen content (35 at. %), and can be partially oxidized (up to 13 at. %).In general, going from the polymerlike to the more diamondlike films, the refractive index increases from 1.3 to 2.2, and the band gap decreases from about 2 to 1 eV. By the admixture of hydrogen in the deposition plasma diamondlike films were produced with a larger band gap of 2.2 eV. The corrosion performance of the films was studied by storing them in a humidity cabinet. The corrosion resistance of films deposited with hydrocarbon/argon plasma mixtures appears to be limited. Thick films with a good corrosion resistance were produced by admixing a fluorine containing gas in the plasma. Analysis of the infrared absorption spectra showed that these films consist of amorphous fluorohydrogenated carbon. The presence of fluorine radicals in the plasma may lead to a chemically enhanced surface mobility, leading to a less porous film structure, and resulting in lower internal stresses. The growth rates and the corrosion performances of the films appear to be different for substrates of different types of steel. This may be attributed to different initial growth mechanisms, as a consequence of the difference in electrical and thermal conductivity of the two substrate types used here. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360637
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of DC Discharge Plasma Polymerization of Hexamethyldisiloxane and Pyrrole (1998)
    Springer
    Plasmas and polymers 3 (1998), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8978
    Keywords: DC plasma polymerization ; monomers hexamethylidisiloxane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates DC plasma polymerization kinetics by combining plasma parameters with film deposition rate in different conditions. The monomers hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) and pyrrole were used. Both single and double Langmuir probes were used to measure the plasma parameters in pulsed power and continuous discharges. In order to avoid probe tip contamination, the probe was heated. Plasma density and electron temperature are reported. The electron current wave form is obtained in pulse power conditions. From the data, a plasma polymerization model is proposed. The conclusion is that the monomer molecules and free radicals adsorbed on the substrate surface react with activated sites produced by high energy ions bombarding the film, resulting in polymerization at the film surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022544132520
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of polymer surfaces and polymer-metal interfaces by static secondary ion mass spectrometry (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 19 (1992), S. 101-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The applicability of Time-of-Flight SIMS (TOFSIMS) to the study of adhesion phenomena is discussed. The technique is especially powerful for the study of interactions at polymer-metal interfaces. This is demonstrated by a number of examples of TOFSIMS analysis of polymer surfaces, metal pretreatments and paint-metal interfaces of materials used in the automotive industry. The TOFSIMS high-resolution spectrum of a film of Nylon-6® is interpreted in some detail. The metal pretreatments that are discussed are by functional silanes. Thin organic films deposited on metals by plasma polymerization of silanes have also been analyzed. It is demonstrated that such films can be characterized by TOFSIMS. In several cases surface analyses by XPS and AES were also carried out in order to illustrate the complementary information that can be obtained by the application of these three major surface analysis techniques. The analysis of the paint-metal interfaces by TOFSIMS allows conclusions to be drawn about the state of cure of the paint and about preferential segregation of low-molecular-weight paint constituents to the metal surface.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740190122
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of films of organofunctional silanes by ToF-SIMS. Part II. Films of γ-APS, AEAPS and FPS on cold-rolled steel and cold-rolled zinc substratesPaper presented at the Second International Conference on Adhesion and Surface Analysis, Loughborough, UK, 7-9 April 1992 (1993)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 20 (1993), S. 475-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structure, composition and thickness of thin films of various functional silanes formed on cold-rolled steel or cold-rolled zinc surfaces have been studied by high-resolution time-of-flight SIMS and AES. The silanes were γ-APS (aminopropyltriethoxy silane), AEAPS [N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane] and FPS (perfluorinated propyltrimethoxy silane), which were deposited from dilute solutions by dipping or spin-coating. Variables were the pH of the solution and the silane concentration. The objective of the studies presented here was to improve our understanding of the structure and orientation of silane films on metals, in view of possible applications of such coupling agents in areas where corrosion control and durable paint adhesion is required.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740200522
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DC-Plasma Polymerization of Hexamethyldisiloxane Part II. Surface and Interface Characterization of Films Deposited on Stainless-steel Substrates (1996)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 24 (1996), S. 841-855 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thin films of plasma-polymerized hexamethyldisiloxane (PP-HMDS) were deposited on stainless-steel substrates from a parallel-plate DC reactor. The parameters were varied between 6.7 and 66.7 Pa for the monomer pressure and 0.4 and 20 W for the discharge power. The deposition times ranged from 5 to 600 s, thus enabling an analysis of both the film/metal interface region and the bulk of the films. Characterization of the deposits was performed using XPS, reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, time-of-flight SIMS and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The results strongly suggest that the structure of the plasma polymer close to the interface is different from that of the bulk. In the case of low power and high pressure (LW/HP) deposition conditions, a non-crosslinked film is formed initially which appears to be covalently bonded to the substrate via Me-C bonds (Me=Fe and/or Cr). Film growth starts at nucleation sites on the steel surface. After approximately 1 min of deposition, the film structure gradually changes and becomes more crosslinked. In high power/low pressure (HW/LP) conditions, the surface coverage of the steel is initially higher and the film has a considerably higher degree of crosslinking, which does not change much during film growth. Time-of-flight SIMS analysis of the thick films confirmed the difference between the degree of crosslinking of the films deposited under different conditions. Remarkably, the elemental composition of the thick films formed at HW/LP and LW/HP conditions was approximately the same, as was concluded from XPS analyses. The STM images of the various films corroborated the initially more homogeneous coverage by the HW/LP film as compared with the LW/HP film. The images of the thick films suggested a strong effect of the concurrent ion bombardment in the case of the HW/LP film. A model for the mechanism of film growth and the effect of deposition conditions is proposed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma-polymerized films of trimethylsilane deposited on cold-rolled steel substrates. Part 1. Characterization by XPS, AES and TOF-SIMS (1993)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 20 (1993), S. 845-859 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Plasma-polymerized coatings on metal substrates have been suggested as corrosion protection layers, but not much is known about the properties of these films and how these properties relate to the corrosion performance of coated metals. In this study, trimethylsilane plasma films were deposited on cold-rolled steel (CRS) under different deposition conditions. Angular-dependent XPS, AES and time-of-flight (TOF)-SIMS were used to characterize the films. These three techniques were highly complementary in nature. All films were silicon-based and the hydrocarbon content was a function of the deposition conditions. The AES depth profiles indicated that pretreatment of the substrate with oxygen had a significant effect on the type of film produced. Both TOF-SIMS and XPS revealed that the surface of the film was different from the bulk. The surface was oxygen-rich and was apparently modified upon exposure of the plasma film to the atmosphere. Both silicon and carbon were highly oxidized in the surface layers. Thus, these plasma films consist of at least three distinctly different regions: an interfacial region where the film is intimately mixed with the metal oxide; a bulk region with approximately the same elemental composition as the monomer; and a highly oxidized surface region. A correlation between the type of plasma film produced and the deposition conditions is discussed briefly.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740201008
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface characterization of novel plasma-polymerized primers for rubber-to-metal bondingPresented at Third International Conference on Adhesion and Surface Analysis, Loughborough, UK. 12-14 April 1994. (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 23 (1995), S. 261-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thin (750 Å) plasma-polymerized films of acetylene were deposited onto polished steel substrates in an inductively coupled r.f. reactor. The films were characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) immediately after deposition and after aging in the atmosphere. The FTIR spectra of the as-deposited films were characterized by bands related to mono- and disubstituted acetylene groups and by bands related to methyl and methylene groups. During exposure to the atmosphere, bands related to acetylenic groups decreased in intensity while new bands due to carbonyl groups appeared. When XPS spectra were obtained from films that were exposed to the atmosphere, new components assigned to oxidation products were observed in the C 1s spectra that were not observed for as-deposited films, verifying that oxidation had occurred. Numerous peaks related to aromatic structures were observed in positive SIMS spectra of as-deposited films. Results obtained from AES showed that the plasma-polymerized films were continuous and that the oxide on the substrate surface was partially reduced during deposition.Plasma-polymerized acetylene films were excellent primers for rubber-to-steel bonding. Miniature lap joints were prepared by using rubber as an ‘adhesive’ to bond together pairs of polished steel adherends primed with plasma-polymerized acetylene films. The force required to break the as-prepared joints was ∼2000 N for a bonded area of 64 mm2 and failure was 100% cohesive in the rubber. Similar results were obtained for joints prepared using polished brass substrates.Because of the complexity of reactions between rubber and the plasma-polymerized primer, a model ‘rubber’ consisting of a mixture of squalene, zinc oxide, carbon black, sulfur, stearic acid, cobalt naphthenate, N,N-dicyclohexylbenzothiazole sulfenamide and diaryl-p-diphenyleneamine was used to simulate the cross-linking reaction. The results obtained using XPS, SIMS, AES and FTIR showed that sulfur diffused through the primer to form a layer of sulfide at the primer/substrate interface. Zinc and cobalt sulfides and perthiomercaptides, which formed at the interface between squalene and the plasma-polymerized acetylene primer, catalyzed the reaction between squalene and the primer. Cross-links between squalene and the primer were mostly mono-sulfidic, although some evidence for di- and trisulfidic cross-links was observed.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740230502
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of static and imaging SIMS for the study of corrosion of galvanized steel under paint coatings (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 12 (1988), S. 434-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740120717
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adhesion of copper and chromium films to polyimide studied by static SIMS of the interface (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 12 (1988), S. 505-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740120906
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DC plasma-polymerization of pyrrole: Comparison of films formed on anode and cathode (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 61 (1996), S. 1503-1514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of plasma-polymerized pyrrole were deposited on stainless steel substrates from a parallel-plate DC reactor. They were characterized by XPS, 1H-NMR, STM, cyclic voltammetry, and by reflection-absorption infrared (RAIR) and UV-VIS spectroscopy. The films simultaneously formed on the anode and the cathode were compared. Substantial differences were found between the structures of these films, although their overall compositions were very similar. The films on the anode appeared to be less crosslinked and contained less unsaturation and conjugation than the films on the cathode. The observed effects are explained in a model in which the concurrent positive ion bombardment plays an important role in modifying the structure of a growing plasma-polymerized film. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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