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  • 1
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The fine structure and opsin immunocytochemistry of the pineal and parapineal organs of the salmonid fish Salvelinus alpinus, the landlocked Arctic charr, were studied and compared with the retina in various developmental stages, from prehatching to two-month-old. For opsin immunocytochemistry two polyclonal antibovine rhodopsin and the monoclonal antichicken opsin antibodies OS-2 (detecting blue and green pigments) and OS-1 (detecting green and red pigments) were used.Histologically, the pineal organ consists of nervous tissue like that of the retina. It is composed of photoreceptor pinealocytes, which formed axon terminals containing synaptic ribbons, on the dendrites and perikarya of secondary pineal neurons. Already in prehatching embryos, both the pineal and retinal photoreceptors display well-developed outer segments and form synaptic terminals. The distal part of the pineal organ differentiates earlier than its proximal stalk. The differentiation of the retina starts centrally, but the caudal and dorsal retinae are differentiated earlier than the rostral and ventral ones. At the end of the larval period, the lateral retina is still undifferentiated.In all stages studied, (rhod)opsin immunoreactivity was found in the outer segments of the pineal organ and rod-type retinal photoreceptors, a finding speaking in favour of the presence of the opsin of a rhodopsin/porphyropsin. Cone-type retinal photoreceptors identified morphologically in the pre- and posthatching stages were opsinimmunonegative with the four primary antisera used. This result suggests that in the charr the opsins of cone visual pigments differ in their chemical nature from those of rhodopsin/porphyropsin. The parapineal organ was opsin immunonegative. Using the monoclonal antibody OS-2 opsin immunoreactivity was also detected in inner segments, perikarya, and pedicles of rod-type photoreceptors of both retina and pineal organ of embryos and 1- to 4-day-old larvae. This may indicate a high level of opsin gene expression during photoreceptor growth around hatching. The well-developed pineal organ and its opsin content are discussed in connection with the photonegative behaviour of the larval charr.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of pineal research 10 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Vigh-Teichmann I, Petter H, Vigh B. GABA-immunoreactive intrinsic and 4mmunonegative secondary neurons in the cat pineal organ. J Pineal Res 199 1 : 10: 18-29.〈section xml:id="abs1-1"〉〈title type="main"〉Abstract:The pineal organ of the cat was studied by postembedding gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunocytochemistry. Two polyclonal rabbit GABA antisera were used with light microscopic peroxidase and electron microscopic immunogold techniques. A considerable number of intrinsic neurons are scattered in the proximal portion of the pineal organ. Some of the nerve cells were GABA-immunoreactive; other neurons as well as pinealocytes and glial/ependymal cells were immunonegative. A few GABA-immunoreactive neurons behaved like CSF-contacting neurons by penetrating the ependymal lining of the pineal recess. GABA-immunoreactive neurons were more frequently found in the subependymal region. Small bundles of thin immunoreactive unmyelinated and thick immunoreactive myelinated nerve fibers occurred in the proximal pineal, especially near the habenular commissure. There were synapses of various types between GABA-immunoreactive and -immunonegative fibers. Myelinated immunoreactive axons seemed to loose their sheaths after entering the organ. Axon-like processes of pinealocytes terminated on dendrites of immunonegative neurons present near the posterior and habenular commissures. The axons of these neurons were found to join the commissural fibers and may represent a pinealofugal pathway conducting information originating from pinealocytes. The pinealocytic axons forming ribbon-containing synapses on dendrites of secondary neurons speak in favor of the sensory-cell nature of the pinealocytes. The pinealopetal myelinated GABA-immunoreactive axons and the intrinsic “GABA-ergic” neurons are proposed to inhibit the action of intrapineal neurons on which the pinealocytic axons terminate.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 21 (1970), S. 322-337 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Verhalten der AChE-Aktivität wurde in der periventrikulären Substanz des Zentralnervensystems von Fischen, Amphibien, Reptilien, Vögeln und Säugern enzymhistochemisch untersucht. In den bisher bekannten Liquorkontakt-Neuronengebieten — es handelt sich um Gebiete mit Nervenzellen, die durch ventrikuläre Portsätze und spezielle Nervenendigungen mit dem Liquor cerebrospinalis in direkter Berührung stehen- und auch in anderen periventrikulären Kerngruppen wurden AChE-positive Liquorkontakt-neurone gefunden. Die meisten derartigen, stark AChE-positiven Nervenzellen wurden im periventrikulären Höhlengrau des Hypothalamus und um den Zentralkanal des Rückenmarks der untersuchten Arten beobachtet. Im Telencephalon und Mesencephalon der Reptilien kamen nur vereinzelte AChE-positive Liquorkontaktneurone vor. Im Hypothalamus enthalten folgende Gebiete AChE-positive Liquorkontaktnervenzellen: Paraventrikularorgan, Recessus praeopticus-Organ, Nucleus praeopticus und paraventricularis, Nucleus infundibularis, Nucleus lateralis tuberis, Nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, Recessus lateralis der Amphibien, Recessus mamillaris der Fische und Saccus vasculosus. Im Rückenmark werden AChE-positive Liquorkontaktneurone um den Canalis centralis in Höhe der Urophyse und aller anderen Segmente des Rückenmarks beschrieben. Die AChE-Aktivität ist nicht nur in den Perikaryen, sondern auch in den ventrikulären Fortsätzen und Liquor-Endigungen der Zellen vorhanden. Die AChE-positiven Zellen der verschiedenen untersuchten Gebiete wurden in Hinsicht auf eine „cholinerge” Komponente des Liquorkontakt-Neuronensystems diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The distribution of the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was studied enzyme-histochemically in the periventricular substance of the central nervous system of fishes, amphibians, reptilia, birds and mammals. In the liquor contacting neuronal territories known until now — the areas containing nerve cells which are directly contacting the cerebrospinal fluid by ventricular processes and special nerve terminals — and also in other periventricular nuclei, AChE-positive liquor contacting neurons were found. Most of these strongly AChE-positive nerve cells could be observed in the periventricular gray of the hypothalamus and around the central canal of the spinal cord of the species studied. In the telencephalon and mesencephalon of reptilia, only sporadic, AChE-positive liquor contacting neurons occured. In the hypothalamus, the following territories contained AChE-positive liquor contacting nerve cells: the paraventricular organ, preoptic recess organ, preoptic and paraventricular nuclei, infundibular nucleus, nucleus tuberis lateralis, the periventricular, hypothalamic nucleus, lateral recess of amphibians, mamillar recess of fishes, and the vascular sac. AChE-positive liquor contacting neurons were described around the central canal on the level of the urophysis and in all other segments of the spinal cord. Activity of AChE is not only present in the perikarya of the liquor contacting nerve cells, but also in their ventricular processes and liquor-terminals. The AChE-positive cells of the various territories investigated, were discussed with regard to a “cholinergic” component of the liquor contacting neuronal system.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vitamin A immunoreactive sites were studied in the retina and pincal organ of the frog,Rana esculenta, by the peroxidase antiperoxidase, avidin-biotinperoxidase and immunogold methods. Indark-adapted material, strong immunoreaction was found in the outer and inner segments of the photoreceptor cells of both retina and pineal organ, as well as in the pigment epithelium, retinal Müller cells and pineal ependymal cells. Inlight-adapted retina, cones and green (blue-sensitive) rods were immunopositive. At the electron microscopic level, immunogold particles were found on the membranes of the photoreceptor outer segments as well as on the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Individual retinal photoreceptor cells exhibited strong immunoreaction in the distal portion of the inner segment, the ciliary connecting piece and the electron-dense material covering the outer segment. In the pigment epithelium, the immunolabeling varied in intensity in the basal and apical cytoplasm and phagocytosed outer segments. The immunocytochemical results indicate that retinoids (retinal, retinol and possibly retinoic acid) are present not only in the photoreceptor cells of the retina but also in those of the pineal organ. The light-dependent differences in the immunoreactivity of vitamin A underlines its essential role in the visual cycle of the photopigments. Our results suggest that the pineal ependyma plays a role comparable to that of the Müller cells and pigment epithelium of the retina with regard to the transport and storage of vitamin A. The presence of a retinoid in nuclei, mitochondria and cytoplasmic membranes suggests an additional role of vitamin A in other metabolic processes.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 91 (1989), S. 161-168 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of the pineal organ of the rat is covered by a leptomeningeal tissue, the continuation of the corresponding meningeal layers of the diencephalon. The pineal leptomeninx consists of stratified arachnoid and of pia mater cells which follow the vessels into the pineal nervous tissue. The pineal arachnoid contains electron-lucent and electron dense cells differing from each other in their cytoplasmic components. Corpora arenacea of various size and density occur among these arachnoid cells and can grow into the pineal organ alongside pia mater tissue. Acervuli often form groups in circumscribed meningeal “calcification foci”. Concrements are absent or rare in the 1- and 2-month-old animal, while they are usually present in the 4- and 6-month-old rats. The electronmicroscopic localization of Ca-ions was studied in 2- and 4-month-old rats by potassium pyroantimonate cytochemistry. In the 4-month-old animals, arachnoid cells containing a varying amount of Ca-pyroantimonate deposits were found first of all around corpora arenacea, but there were also cells free of deposits in the close vicinity of the acervuli. Deposits were preferentially localized to the cytoplasm of electron dense arachnoid cells and to the cell membrane of electron-lucent cells. Most of the precipitates occurred in locally enlarged intercellular spaces. Here, microacervuli were found in 4-month-old animals suggesting that a calcium-rich environment was responsible for the appearance of the concrements. Intermediate stages between the small acervuli and large concentric corpora arenacea may indicate an appositional growth of the acervuli in the calcification foci. Occasionally, acervuli were also located inside meningeal cells. There was no sign of the formation of acervuli in the pinealocytes or elsewhere in the pineal nervous tissue proper, in the age interval (1- to 6-month-old animals) studied. These findings confirm the view that corpora arenacea can be produced in the rat by the pineal leptomeninx. The laboratory rat seems to be usefull in studying pineal calcification of the meningeal type.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 180-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liquor contacting neurons ; Spinal cord ; Reissner's fibre ; Reptiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Rückenmark der Reptilien kommen zwischen und unter den Ependymzellen des Zentralkanals bipolare Nervenzellen vor. Ihre Dendriten dringen in den Liquor cerebrospinalis ein und bilden dort charakteristische Nervenendigungen, die sich in lange, fingerförmige Fortsätze verzweigen. Letztere enthalten orientierte Filamente. In den Nervenendigungen findet man ebenfalls Filamente, multivesikuläre Körper und ferner Basalkörper, von denen Zilien und lange Zilienwurzeln ausgehen. Die Dendriten der Neurone sind durch desmosomenartige Strukturen mit den apikalen Abschnitten der benachbarten Ependymzellen verbunden und enthalten zahlreiche Mitochondrien und Golgi-Felder. Im Perikaryon der Neurone findet man ebenfalls ausgedehnte Golgi-Areale, ferner ein mit Ribosomen besetztes endoplasmatisches Retikulum, Mitochondrien, multivesikuläre Körper und granulierte Vesikel (Durchmesser um 870 Å). Der Neurit der Nervenzellen verläuft ependymofugal, in ihm kommen lange Mitochondrien und Neurotubuli vor. Auf den Dendriten, der Basis des distalen Fortsatzes, und den Perikaryen der Neurone können Synapsen beobachtet werden, deren präsynaptischer Bereich synaptische Vesikel, Mitochondrien und einige granulierte Bläschen (Durchmesser um 800 Å) aufweist. In einer Schnittebene dringen 5–6 Nervenendigungen in etwa gleicher Entfernung voneinander in den Zentralkanal ein. Unterhalb der intraependymalen Liquorkontaktneurone findet man eine weitere Nervenzellart, deren Zytoplasma heller ist und größere (Durchmesser um 1250 Å), den neurosekretorischen Elementargranula ähnliche Granula enthält. Die Ependymzellen des Zentralkanals besitzen zahlreiche Mikrovilli. Die Liquorkontakt-Nervenendigungen können mit dem Reissnerschen Faden in direktem Kontakt stehen. Die Hypothese wird diskutiert, daß die spinalen Liquorkontaktneurone — ähnlich denen der bisher beschriebenen Liquorkontaktgebiete — Rezeptoren sind, bei deren Funktion auch der Reissnersche Faden eine Rolle spielen kann.
    Notes: Summary In the spinal cord of reptiles, nerve cells are situated between and below the ependymal cells of the central canal. These neurons are bipolar; their dendrites protrude into the cerebrospinal fluid of the central canal where they build up characteristic nerve endings. These terminals ramify into long, finger-like processes containing oriented filaments. In the terminals, filaments, too, can be found besides of multivesicular and basal bodies, the latter giving rise to long rootlet fibres and cilia. The dendrite of the neurons is connected with the apical part of the neighbouring ependymal cells by desmosome-like structures, and it contains numerous mitochondria and Golgi areas. In the perikarya, enlarged Golgi areas, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, multivesicular bodies and dense-core vesicles (diameter about 870 Å) are found. The neurite of the nerve cells that passes ependymofugally, contains long mitochondria and neurotubules. On the dendrite, the basis of the distal cell process and the perikarya of the neurons, synapses can be observed; their presynaptic cytoplasm contains synaptic vesicles, mitochondria and some dense-core vesicles (diameter about 800 Å). In one section, 5 to 6 nerve terminals protrude into the central canal in about equal distance from each other. Below these liquor contacting neurons situated intraependymally and described above, there is another type of nerve cells which cytoplasm is more electron lucent and contains larger (diameter about 1,250 Å) granules resembling neurosecretory granules. The ependymal cells of the central canal possess numerous microvilli. The liquor contacting nerve terminals may sometimes contact the Reissner's fibre directly. It is suggested that the spinal liquor contacting neurons — similarly to those of the liquor contacting territories described up to now — are receptors. In their function, also the Reissner's fibre may play a role.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 301-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CSF contacting neurons ; Central canal of spinal cord ; Reissner's fibre ; Cyprinus carpio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwischen und unter den Ependymzellen des Zentralkanals des Rückenmarkes vonCyprinus carpio kommen bipolare Nervenzellen vor. Der eine Fortsatz der Neurone („Liquorkontaktneurone“) verläuft zwischen den Ependymzellen hindurch, tritt in den Canalis centralis ein und bildet im Liquor cerebrospinalis eine charakteristische Nervenendigung („Liquorkontakt-Nervenendigung“). Diese besteht aus einem zentralen Körper und davon radiär ausstrahlenden zahlreichen Stereozilien, sowie einer Kinozilie. Ein direkter Kontakt zwischen den Liquorkontakt-Nervenendigungen und dem Reissnerschen Faden wurde nicht beobachtet. Der ependymofugale Fortsatz der Neurone hat Axonnatur. Im Perikaryon der Nervenzellen findet man endoplasmatisches Retikulum mit glatter und rauher Oberfläche, freie Ribosomen, Golgi-Areale, sowie Mitochondrien und granulierte Vesikel (Durchmesser 700–1000 Å). Axone, die synaptische und granulierte Bläschen (Durchmesser 700–1000 Å) enthalten, bilden mit den Perikaryen und den zum Zentralkanal verlaufenden Nervenfortsätzen Synapsen. Auf den Ependymzellen konnten stellenweise atypische Zilien beobachtet werden. Der Vergleich der bisher untersuchten Tierarten zeigt, daß die Struktur der spinalen Liquorkontaktneurone von den Fischen bis zu den Säugern prinzipiell gleichartig ist.
    Notes: Summary Bipolar nerve cells are situated between and below the ependymal cells of the central canal of the spinal cord ofCyprinus carpio. One of the processes of the neurons (“CSF contacting neurons”) passes by between the ependymal cells into the central canal and forms there a characteristic nerve ending in the cerebrospinal fluid (“CSF contacting nerve ending”). These terminals consist of a central body with numerous stereocilia and one kinocilium. We could not observe any direct contact between the CSF contacting nerve endings and Reissner's fibre. The ependymofugal process of the nerve cells is axon-like. In the perikarya of the CSF contacting neurons, dense-core vesicles (diameter 700–1000 Å) are found besides of smooth and rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, Golgi areas and mitochondria. Axons containing synaptic and granulated vesicles (diameter 700–1000 Å), form synapses with the perikarya and the CSF contacting nerve processes. On the surface of single ependymal cells, atypical cilia could be observed. The comparison of the species studied up to now, shows that the structure of the spinal CSF contacting neurons is principally similar from fishes up to mammals.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 80 (1967), S. 229-245 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Characteristics of the ependymal cells of the Paraventricular Organ (PVO) in the sparrow are strongly dilated ergastoplasmic cisternae filled with a moderately dense substance, the absence of cilia and a long basal process ending around capillaries. Elongated cells having a pale cytoplasm (“light cells”) are interposed between the ependymal cells. These cells protrude into the ventricle lumen with a bulbous cytoplasmic swelling; centrioles and several dense-core vesicles occur frequently in them. Two types of nerve cells have been identified in the PVO. The more superficial cells — called type-I neurons have a dendrite-like process which, after passing the ependymal layer reach the ventricle surface and end there freely with a bulbous swelling (“club”). The whole neuron contains dense-core vesicles of an average diameter of 840 Å; the extensive Golgi region is located in the dendrite. The larger type-II neurons situated in the deeper layers show a folded nuclear membrane, large mitochondria and rarely dense-core vesicles; the Golgi apparatus is enclosed in the perikaryon. The nerve cells are embedded in a feltwork of glial and neural processes the latters showing often synaptic (axodendritic) junctions. The majority of the synapses are supposed to occur between the axon-like processes of the typeI neuron and dendrites of the type-II neuron. Axo-somatic synapses can be found not infrequently on the perikarya of the latters. The nature of the free ventricular endings of the neurons and the possible function of the PVO are discussed in the text.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 139-160 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliated perikarya ; Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons ; Synapses ; Neurosecretory nuclei ; Reptile hypothalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The magnocellular paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and the parvocellular preoptic and periventricular nuclei have been studied by light and electron microscopy in Emys orbicularis, Lacerta agilis and Elaphe longissima. The ultrastructure of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons was described in the preoptic and periventricular nuclei of Emys and Lacerta species. Single 9×2+0 cilia similar to those of the CSF-contacting dendritic terminals were found on perikarya of non CSF-contacting nerve cells, in all four investigated nuclei. The cilia project from funnel-like invaginations of the perikarya into the intercellular space. In the neurons of the nuclei studied, granular vesicles were found, their size being mainly 1,600 Å in the paraventricular nucleus, about 1,800 Å in the supraoptic nucleus, 1,100 Å in the periventricular nucleus and 800 Å, or up to 1,250 Å in the preoptic nucleus. In general, the neurons possess synapses of the axo-somatic, axo-somatic spine, axo-dendritic and axo-dendritic spine types. In the supraoptic nucleus, multiple interdigitated synapses were observed. Presynaptically, either synaptic vesicles only, or synaptic vesicles and dense core vesicles of different sizes (600 to 800 Å, about 1,100 Å, 1250 Å, and up to 2,000 Å) were found. It is discussed whether the above described 9×2+0 cilia may represent some kind of hypothalamic sensory structure that earlier physiological studies postulated to exist. The ciliated hypothalamic perikarya are considered by the authors to be a more differentiated form of the CSF-contacting neurons. The different types of synapses indicate multilateral connections of the nerve cells of the nuclei studied.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 139-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CSF contacting axons ; Ependymal synapses ; Pineal organ ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Lumen des Pinealorgans können frei verlaufende, nackte Axone (Durchmesser 2000–7000 Å) beobachtet werden. Ihr Axoplasma enthält Mikrotubuli, Mitochondrien, synaptische (Durchmesser 350–450 Å) und granulierte Vesikel (Durchmesser 500–1500 Å). Bei Pleurodeles waltlii bilden die im Lumen des Pinealorgans verlaufenden Axone Synapsen auf der freien, apikalen Oberfläche der pinealen Ependymzellen. In den innervierten Ependymzellen kommen neben sonstigen Zytoplasmabestandteilen Myeloidkörper und Anhäufungen von Glykogengranula vor. Die Axone verlaufen am Innen- und Außenglied der Pinealozyten vorbei, können diese berühren, bilden aber dort keine Synapsen. Die auf den pinealen Ependymzellen nachgewiesenen Synapsen beweisen eine neuronale Kontrolle dieser Gliaelemente. Die Nervenfasern des pinealen Lumens wurden mit bekannten Liquorkontaktaxonen verglichen. Sie ähneln einander in ihrer Ultrastruktur und ihren synaptischen Verbindungen. Aus diesem Grunde und da bei den Amphibien das pineale Lumen mit dem 3. Ventrikel kommuniziert, werden die Axone des pinealen Lumens als Liquorkontaktaxone und als Glied des sogenannten Liquorkontakt-Axonsystems des Gehirns angesehen. Ferner wurden die pinealen Liquorkontaktaxone mit folgenden Nervenfasern und Endigungen verglichen, die im pinealen Gewebe vorkommen: 1) Axone, die große, granulierte Vesikel (Durchmesser 1300–1500 Å) enthalten und an den Dendriten von Nervenzellen endigen, welche zwischen den basalen Fortsätzen der Pinealozyten liegen; 2) Pinealozytenfortsätze, die synaptische Bänder enthalten und ebenfalls an diesen Neuronen Synapsen bilden; 3) die neurohormonalen, synaptischen Semidesmosomen von Pinealozytenfortsätzen an der Lamina basalis, die die bindegewebigen Räume der Pia mater vom eigentlichen Nervengewebe des Pinealorgans begrenzt: 4) die perivasalen, autonomen Nervenfasern der pialen Septen. Obwohl granulierte Vesikel verschiedener Durchmesser in allen diesen Terminalen vorhanden sind, stellten wir die größte, morphologische Ähnlichkeit zwischen den pinealen Liquorkontaktaxonen und denjenigen Nervenfasern fest, die große, granulierte Vesikel aufweisen und an den pinealen Neuronen axo-dendritische Synapsen bilden. Eine ähnliche Natur und Herkunft beider Axone werden angenommen.
    Notes: Summary Free-running, naked axons (diameter 2000 to 7000 Å) can be found in the lumen of the pineal organ. Their axoplasm contains microtubules, mitochondria as well as synaptic (diameter 350 to 450 Å) and granulated vesicles (diameter 500 to 1500 Å). In Pleurodeles waltlii, the axons in the pineal lumen form synapses on the free, apical surface of the pineal ependyma which is supplied with microvilli. In addition to usual cytoplasmic elements the innervated ependymal cells contain myeloid bodies and accumulations of glycogen granules. Without forming synapses these axons pass by and occasionally contact the inner and/or outer segments of the pinealocytes. The synapses found on the pineal ependymal cells furnish evidence of a neuronal control of these glial elements. The nerve fibers of the pineal lumen are being compared with known CSF contacting axons; they resemble one another in their ultrastructure and synaptic connections. Therefore and since in amphibians the pineal lumen communicates with the 3rd ventricle, the axons of the pineal lumen are considered to represent CSF contacting axons and to belong to the so-called CSF contacting axon system of the brain. In addition, the pineal CSF contacting axons are being compared with the following nerve fibers and terminals found in the pineal tissue: 1) axons containing large, granulated vesicles (diameter 1300 to 1500 Å) and terminating on the dendrites of nerve cells situated among the basal processes of the pinealocytes; 2) the synaptic ribbons-containing pinealocyte processes forming likewise synapses on the nerve cells; 3) the neurohormonal, synaptic semidesmosomes of pinealocytic processes on the lamina basalis separating the connective tissue spaces of the pia mater from the proper nervous tissue of the pineal organ; 4) the perivasal, autonomic nerve fibers of the pial septa. Though granulated vesicles of various diameters are present in all these terminals the greatest morphological similarity is found between the pineal CSF contacting axons and those nerve fibers containing large, granulated vesicles and forming axo-dendritic synapses on the pineal nerve cells. A similar nature and origin of both axons are suggested.
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