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  • Digitale Medien  (14)
  • 1990-1994  (14)
  • 1994  (14)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Use of Cement Kilns in Managing Solid and Hazardous Wastes: Implementation in Australia (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: The use of cement kilns for managing solid and hazardous wastes is facilitated by the high temperature, long gas retention periods, natural alkaline environment, minimum amount of waste produced and high thermal capacity. The main benefits include energy recovery, conservation of fossil fuels, reduction in cement production costs and the use of already existing facilities.The test burns conducted in cement kilns worldwide have demonstrated very high destruction efficiencies for most stable organic compounds, with toxic contaminants barely above the background levels.There are several cement plants in the US and Europe presently using solid and hazardous wastes as supplementary fuel. The application of this technology in Australia has been ignored in the past. An international conference (Kilnburn‘92) on the role of cement kilns in waste management was held recently in Australia and has enhanced the implementation of this technology in Australia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00909.x
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Variations in oral temperature (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: This study investigated the temperature of healthy oral mucosa and underlying bone. Using a fine thermocouple and digital thermometer, four groups of temperatures were measured: (i) adjacent to uncrupted third molars before and after surgical removal (n= 51); (ii) at the same site in patients not undergoing surgery (n= 30); and (iii) at the buccal incisor mucosa (n= 30). In each group sublingual temperatures were measured in order to calculate the temperature differential between measurement site and sublingual temperature to compensate for variations between sites and individuals. In the final group (iv) (n= 10) sublingual temperature was recorded in a closed mouth.Mean alveolar bone temperature was 5°C cooler than overlying mucosa, and mean post-operative mucosal temperature was some 2.5°C cooler than before operation (t= 2.32, P 〈 0.001). Sublingual temperature, in a closed mouth, remained relatively constant. In an open mouth, in both anterior and posterior regions, there were statistically significant decreases in sublingual temperature and in mucosal temperature differentials. Significant differences were also found between temperature differentials calculated using sublingual temperature measured at baseline and after 10 min. This indicates that sublingual temperature should be measured just prior to measuring a mucosal site.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1994.tb01175.x
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bladder cancer: the molecular progression to invasive disease (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of urology 12 (1994), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Recent investigations have given a clearer insight into the genetic progression of bladder cancer. In this review we identify the clinical courses of bladder cancer, review the basic concepts of carcinogenesis, and focus on the specific cytogenetic and molecular alterations observed in bladder cancer. Progression models to superficial and invasive disease are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00184243
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A reconsideration of the West African macrolithic conundrum: new factory sites and an associated settlement in the Vallée du Serpent, Mali (1994)
    Springer
    The African archaeological review 12 (1994), S. 73-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9842
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Klassische Archäologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Dans toute la préhistoire de l'Afrique occidentale, aucune période ne reste peut-être plus mystérieuse que celle située entre la fin du Pléistocène et le milieu de l'Holocène. Diverses industries macrolithiques et microlithiques se partagent cette période. Le phénomène macrolithique reste mal défini, la plupart des exemples en sont généralement rassemblés en un seul groupe, ou attribués à des périodes antérieures. Des recherches archéologiques effectuées dans les régions de la vallée du Serpent et du sud du Gourma au Mali ont révélé des collections macrolithiques de l'Holocène bien différentes des traditions bifaciales bien connues de Cap Manuel et Manianbougou, mais non sans parallèles ailleurs dans le Sahel et la Savanne. Le plus important des sites de la vallée du Serpent est celui de SirakoroAncien où des agrégats de pierres travaillées sont associés à plusieurs cercles de galets en latérite que l'on pense être des restes de structures. Cette industrie lithique consiste en éclats massifs, peut-être retirés directement de couches géologiques locales, et en éclats plus petits provenant de nucleus préparés ainsi que des outils. Des preuves géomorphologiques et archéologiques suggèrent que les sites de la vallée du Serpent ont entre 9000 et 6000 ans. Une nouvelle synthèse, fondée sur les sites étudiés par les auteurs et des documents principalement en français, est présentée afin d'éclairer cette partie négligée de la préhistoire africaine.
    Notizen: Abstract Within West African prehistory, perhaps no period remains more mysterious than that between the Terminal Pleistocene and the mid-Holocene. This time period is shared by diverse macrolithic and microlithic industries. The macrolithic phenomenon has remained ill-defined, with most occurrences being generally lumped together as a single group, or attributed to earlier time periods. Recent archaeological investigations in the Vallée du Serpent and southern Gourma regions of Mali have revealed Holocene macrolithic assemblages quite different from the well-known bifacial traditions of Cap Manuel and Manianbougou, but not without parallels from elsewhere in the Sahel and Savanna. The most important of the Vallée du Serpent sites is that of Sirakoro-Ancien, where worked stone aggregations are associated with several rings of laterite cobbles believed to be the remnants of structures. Its lithic industry consists of massive flakes, perhaps removed directly from local outcrops, and smaller flakes from prepared cores as well as formal tools. Geomorphological and archaeological evidence suggests an age of the Vallée du Serpent sites somewhere between 9000 and 6000 bp. A new synthesis based upon sites investigated by the authors and the predominantly Francophone literature is presented in order to shed light upon this neglected portion of African prehistory.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01953039
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. I: Concentrations of organo chlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin equivalents, and mercury (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 27 (1994), S. 202-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Fishes of the Great Lakes contain hazardous chemicals such as synthetic halogenated hydrocarbons and metals. These fish can move from the lakes into the Great Lakes tributaries of Michigan. In doing so, they transport concentrationsof contaminants which may represent a risk to wildlife. Concentrations of mercury (Hg), total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ), total DDT complex, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, hexachlorobenzene, cis-chlordane, oxychlordane, endosulfan-I, methoxychlor, trans-chlordane, and trans-nonachlor were determined in composite samples of fishes from above and below Michigan hydroelectric dams, which separate the fishes which have access to the Great Lakes from fishes that do not. Mean concentrations of total PCBs, TCDD-EQ, DDT, and most of the other pesticides were greater in composite samples of six species of fishes from below than above the dams on the Au Sable, Manistee, and Muskegon Rivers. Concentrations of mercury, were the same or greater above the dams than below. However, this difference was statistically significant only on the Au Sable. Mercury concentrations ranged from less than 0.05 mg/kg to 0.73 mg Hg/kg, ww. Total concentrations of PCBs ranged from 0.02 to 1.7 mg/kg, ww. Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents varied among fishes and locations. The concentrations of TCDD-EQ ranged from 2.4 to 71 μg/kg, ww, with concentrations in carp being the greatest. Concentrations of TCDD-EQ were greater than the concentrations which would be expected to occur, due solely to the presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and technical mixtures of PCBs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214264
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. II: Implications for health of mink (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 27 (1994), S. 213-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Populations of mink (Mustela vison) have declined in many areas of the world. Such declines have been linked to exposures to synthetic, halogenated hydrocarbons. In the Great Lakes region, mink are fewer in areas along the shore of the Great Lakes and their tributaries where mink have access to fish from the Great Lakes. Recently, there has been discussion of the relative merits of passage of fishes around hydroelectric dams on rivers in Michigan. A hazard assessment was conducted to determine the potential for adverse effects on mink, which could consume such fishes from above or below dams on the rivers. Concentrations of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,3,7,8-tetrachloridibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ), and total mercury were measured in composite samples of fishes from above or below hydroelectric dams on the Manistee and Muskegon Rivers, which flow into Lake Michigan, and the Au Sable River, which flows into Lake Huron. Concentrations of organochlorine insecticides, PCBs, and TCDD-EQ were all greater in fishes from below the dams than those from above. Concentrations of neither organochlorine insecticides nor mercury in fishes are currently a risk to mink above or below the dams. All of the species of fishes collected from downstream of the dams contained concentrations of PCBs and TCDD-EQ, which represent a hazard to mink. The hazard index for PCBs was less than one for the average of all species from the upstream reaches of the Manistee and Au Sable Rivers, but not the Muskegon. The hazard index (concentration in fish/NOAEC) was greater than 1 for all of the species collected from below the dams, in all three rivers. The greatest hazard index was observed for carp (Cyprinus carpio) downstream on the Muskegon River. Because the concentrations of PCBs used in the hazard assessment were corrected for relative toxic potencies, the hazard ratios based on PCBs should be similar to those based on TCDD-EQ. This was found to be true. Thus, either total PCBs or TCDD-EQ could be used as the critical toxicant in the hazard assessment. However, if uncorrected concentrations of PCBs, expressed as Aroclors®, were used in the hazard assessment, the toxicity of the weathered mixture would have been underestimated by approximately five-fold, and, in that instance, TCDD-EQ would be the critical contaminant for the hazard assessment. The average maximum allowable percentage of fish from above the dams, which would result in no observable adverse effects of TCDD-EQ, was 70%. Based on the average TCDD-EQ concentrations in the fishes, an average of 8.6% of the diet could be made up of fishes from below dams on the rivers. The most restrictive daily allowable intakes were for carp on the Muskegon and steelhead trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) on the Manistee Rivers. Only 2.7% of the diet could be made up of these two species from influenced portion of the Au Sable River, they would be exposed to 390 μg PCBs and 8.55 ng of TCDD-EQ per day, respectively (Giesy et al. 1994b). Thus, it would take 15.1 or 77 days for mink to receive their total annual dose of PCBs or TCDD-EQ, respectively. At least for chinook salmon, the critical contaminant for the purposes of hazard assessment would be total concentrations of PCBs. Consuming chinook salmon for as little as 2 weeks would deliver the annual allowable dose of PCBs to mink.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214265
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Regulation of insulin secretion: the role of second messengers (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. S30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Islets of Langerhans ; insulin secretion ; protein kinase A ; cyclic AMP ; calcium-calmodulin ; protein kinase C ; arachidonic acid ; nitric oxide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary This review summarises briefly studies performed in the last 5–6 years concerning the role of second messengers in the regulation of insulin secretion, using intact and electrically permeabilized rat islets of Langerhans. It is concluded that cyclic AMP (through protein kinase A), calcium (through calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinases) and diacylglycerol (through protein kinase C) may be important second messengers in modulating the effects of specific secretagogues on insulin release. However, recent studies strongly suggest that neither protein kinase A nor protein kinase C are directly involved in the regulation of insulin secretion by glucose. The possible involvement of other second messengers, nitric oxide and arachidonic acid, in the regulation of secretion is also briefly reviewed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400823
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cause, distribution and significance of episodes of reduced cerebral perfusion pressure following head injury (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 130 (1994), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Schlagwort(e): Head injury ; cerebral perfusion pressure ; arterial hypotension ; raised intracranial pressure ; outcome
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A group of 74 patients with head injury (54 severe, 17 moderate and 3 minor) had continuous monitoring of both arterial and intracranial pressure with computer-based registration of these pressures, cerebral perfusion pressure and other vairables. In 60 patients cerebral perfusion pressure CPP fell below 60 mm Hg for periods of 5 minutes or longer. The distribution over time of these reductions in CPP during up to 12 days of monitoring was studied, and each episode of reduced CPP was attributed to a fall in arterial pressure, an increase in intracranial pressure, or both. Two clusters of reduced CPP were found, one during the first 24 hours of monitoring, when reduced CPP was mainly caused by a reduction in arterial pressure, and the other at 5 or 6 days after injury, when reduced CPP was due mainly to an increase in intracranial pressure. There was a significant correlation between low CPP due to reduced arterial pressure and the Injury Severity Score (p〈0.001), suggesting that resuscitative measures may have been less than optimal in these cases. There was also significant correlation between the duration of low CPP and low arterial pressure and an adverse outcome from injury as assessed at 6, 12 and 24 months after injury (p〈0.001). It is recommended that in patients with severe and significant head injury who require monitoring, this should include both arterial and intracranial pressure, be continued for at least 6 days, that cerebral perfusion pressure should be displayed and recorded, and that particular attention is paid to detecting and correcting even small reductions in arterial pressure, especially those that reduce CPP below 60 mm Hg.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01405511
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The influence of a 1-year programme of brisk walking on endurance fitness and body composition in previously sedentary men aged 42–59 years (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 68 (1994), S. 531-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Schlagwort(e): Walking ; Men ; Endurance fitness ; Fatness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This study examined the influence of a 1-year brisk walking programme on endurance fitness and the amount and distribution of body fat in a group of formerly sedentary men. Seventy-two males, aged 42–59 years, body mass index 25.2 (0.3) kg·m−2 [mean (SEM)], were randomly allocated to either a walking group (n = 48) or control group (n = 24). Brisk walking speed was evaluated using a 1.6-km track walk. Changes in endurance fitness were assessed by measuring blood lactate concentration and heart rate during submaximal treadmill walking. Body composition was determined by hydrostatic weighing and anthropometry; energy intake was assessed from 7-day weighed food inventories. Differences in the response of walkers and controls were examined using two-way analyses of variance. Forty-two walkers (87.5%) completed the study and averaged 27.9 (1.4) min·day−1 of brisk walking (range 11–46). Brisk walking speed averaged 1.95 (0.03) m·s−1 and elicited approximately 68 (1) % of maximum heart rate. Heart rate and blood lactate concentration during submaximal treadmill walking were significantly reduced in the walkers after 3, 6 and 12 months and the oxygen uptake at a reference blood lactate concentration of 2 mmol·l−1 was increased by 3.2 ml·kg−1. min−1 (14.9%) in the walkers at 6 months (P〈 0.01). Although skinfold thicknesses at anterior thigh and medial calf sites decreased significantly for the walkers, the response of the two groups did not differ significantly for other body composition variables or for energy intake.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599525
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Measurement of body surface area in children with liver disease by a novel three-dimensional body scanning device (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 68 (1994), S. 514-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Schlagwort(e): Body surface area ; Anthropometry ; Liver disease ; Childhood ; Three-dimensional surface anthropometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Body surface area (BSA) is used in paediatrics to assess fluid requirement, drug doses, cardiac output and glomerular filtration rate. The aim of this study was to examine, in children with liver disease, the relationship between BSA determined by a traditional nomogram and BSA measured by a novel three-dimensional technique — Loughborough Anthropometric Shadow Scanner (LASS). Subjects were 16 children, mean age 8.1 (range 3.6–14.9) years, with a variety of liver diseases. Twenty-eight controls had a mean age of 7.1 (3.1–10.5) years. All had LASS scans performed as well as 21 anthropometric measurements taken by a single observer. There was a significant relationship between BSA (LASS) and BSA nomogram for liver-diseased children (r=0.99) and controls (r=0.96). The BSA nomogram values were significantly greater (P 〈 0.05) than BSA (LASS) for liver-diseased subjects by 10.1% (−0.35 to + 20.6; 95% confidence interval), and for controls by 9.6% (4.1–23.2). Best prediction of BSA (LASS) for liver-disease subjects used height, body weight and gluteal furrow circumference [r 2=0.997; standard estimated error (SEE) = 0.015 m2] and for controls used body weight alone (r 2=0.907; SEE=0.048 m2). BSA nomogram has no additional error in children with liver disease, but may overestimate BSA by 10% compared with a novel three-dimensional body surface scanning technique.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599522
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