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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: staging by MRI (1995)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 20 (1995), S. 365-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Kidney ; MR, 81.1214 ; Kidney, neoplasm, 81.31, 81.21 ; Magnetic resonance (MR), contrast enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background This study evaluates the ability of MRI to stage transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Methods Nine patients who had transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract detected by other imaging modalities underwent MRI examination at 1.5 T. Imaging included pre- and postgadolinium-DTPA T1-weighted images (9 patients) pre- and postgadolinium chelate T1-weighted fat-suppressed spin echo (7 patients). Postcontrast images were acquired prior to the presence of gadolinium within the collecting system (〈2 min postcontrast), intermediate (2.5–8 min), and late (〉10 min) postcontrast. Images were prospectively interpreted and lesion staging was determined. Correlation with histopathology was obtained in all cases. Results Transitional cell cancers were demonstrated in 9/9 patients, and tumors ranged in size from 2 to 8 cm (mean = 3.8 cm) in one dimension. Correct tumor staging was performed in 8/9 patients. The staging error in one case occurred because direct tumor extension into the renal parenchyma was not detected. Conclusions The results of this preliminary study show that MRI stages transitional cell cancers relatively well; however, MRI is not able to detect superficial invasion of renal parenchyma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203373
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Active salinity choice and enhanced swimming endurance in 0 to 8-d-old larvae of diadromous gobies, including Sicydium punctatum (Pisces), in Dominica, West Indies (1995)
    Springer
    Marine biology 121 (1995), S. 409-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied the early life history of diadromous gobies in Dominica, West Indies, from May 1989 to May 1991, emphasising Sicydium punctatum Perugia. The transition of newly hatched larvae from upriver nest sites to the sea was studied in laboratory experiments. Newly hatched larvae are negatively buoyant but avoid settling to the bottom by active swimming during drift to the sea. Laboratory experiments evaluated salinity preferences and effects on swimming endurance. Larvae in haloclines actively selected low to intermediate salinities. Initially (0 to 5-d post-hatch), larvae minimized exposure to salinities 〉10 ppt, but later (5 to 8-d) occupied increasingly saline water. Larvae in no-choice freshwater or seawater treatments ceased activity at 4 to 5 d, but in haloclines larvae remained active up to 8 d post-hatch. Salinities 〈10 ppt are important for early survival of sicydiine gobies. Implications for larval survival and transport are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349450
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Habitat use by juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the presence of an actively foraging and non-foraging predator (1995)
    Springer
    Marine biology 123 (1995), S. 421-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted in the autumn and winter of 1992/93 to examine habitat use by juvenile (age 0+) Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., before, during and following exposure to a passive or actively foraging predator (age 3+ cod). Experiments presented groups of juvenile cod (n=5 fish/group) with one of two combinations of three substrates; (1) gravel, sand, and a patch of artificial kelp (“kelp”), or (2) cobble, sand, and kelp. Cobble is known to provide juvenile cod with a refuge from predation. Kelp was used to test the hypothesis that juvenile cod associate with fleshy macroalgae in nature because of the safety it provides from predators. There was little difference in habitat use by juvenile cod before, during or following exposure to a passive predator. Under these conditions, juvenile cod appeared to prefer finer grained mineral substrates and avoided the kelp. The extent of the juvenile response to a passive predator was to avoid the predator's location in the experimental tank. In contrast, juvenile cod showed a significant shift in habitat use when exposed to an actively foraging predator, hiding in cobble or, when cobble was not available, in kelp. Use of both these habitats resulted in a significant reduction in predation risk to the juvenile cod. Our results suggest that: (1) an association with kelp provides safety from predation to juvenile cod, and (2) juvenile cod are capable for assessing the risk a predator represents and adjust their response accordingly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349220
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation of point defects in silicon carbide (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 55-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 61.70; 68.55; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract.  Positron lifetime measurements on bulk samples of single crystal SiC wafers have shown that both 6H and 4H polytypes exhibit a bulk lifetime of 150±2 ps. All samples contained a second, defect-related lifetime component, ranging in value from 250 to about 300 ps with rather low intensities. The defect structure exhibited by the nanocrystalline samples is, not unexpectedly, much more complex. Positron beam experiments on Electron Cyclotron Resonance Chemical Vapour Deposited (ECR-CVD) SiC thin films showed that the positrons are very sensitive to changes in important film parameters as a function of the deposition conditions. It was found that the film density is lower than expected, probably due to hydrogen incorporation; variations in composition among different films were detected through variations in the S parameters, and differences were observed in the electric field at the film–substrate interface due to hydrogen passivation of dangling bonds and different substrate resistivities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538211
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human class II MHC molecule HLA-DR1: X-ray structure determined from three crystal forms (1995)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 51 (1995), S. 946-961 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The three-dimensional structure of the extracellular region of a 60 kDa class II major histocompatibility glycoprotein, HLA-DR1, was determined to 3.3 Å by X-ray crystallography using three crystal forms, each containing two molecules per asymmetric unit. Phases were initially determined to 4.2 Å using two crystal forms both containing DR1 from human lymphocytes complexed with a mixture of endogenous peptides. One of these crystal forms also contained a 28 kDa superantigen, Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB), bound to each DR1 molecule. Single-isomorphous replacement phasing followed by iterative two- and fourfold non-crystallographic real-space averaging between the two crystal forms resulted in 4.2 Å resolution electron-density maps from which the paths of the polypeptides could be traced. Cryocrystallography and synchrotron radiation were then used to extend the resolution to 3.3 Å for the two lymphocyte-derived crystal forms and for a third crystal form grown from DR1 produced in insect cells and complexed in vitro with a specific antigenic peptide. Iterative sixfold non-crystallographic real-space averaging resulted in an electron- density map into which 340 of 371 residues could be fit unambiguously. Crystal contacts and the existence of a parallel dimer of the DR1 αβ heterodimer in the three crystal forms are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444995002289
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Sweetpotato or Silverleaf Whiteflies: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci or a Species Complex? (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 40 (1995), S. 511-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.002455
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catecholamine release and interrenal response of brown trout, Salmo trutta, exposed to aluminium in acidic water (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 46 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cannulated brown trout, Salmo trutta, were exposed for 36 h to synthetic water with a low calcium content of pH 5 and similar synthetic water dosed with aluminium to raise the filterable A1 from 5 to 290 μg 1−1 over the 36-h period. There were no significant disturbances of plasma concentrations of glucose, cortisol or catecholamine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) in fish held in water of pH 5. The addition of aluminium to this acidic synthetic water resulted in a generalized endocrine stress response with a four-fold increase in plasma glucose concentration after 18 h and a significant increase in plasma cortisol concentration from 24 h onwards when filterable A1 exceeded 200 μg 1−1. Plasma catecholamine concentration indicated an adrenergic stress response in aluminium-exposed brown trout. A transient doubling in noradrenaline after 6 h in A1 was followed by a larger increase in both plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in fish surviving the 36-h exposure to A1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb05993.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects on Arbutus unedo L. of long-term exposure to elevated CO2 (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Global change biology 1 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Arbutus unedo is a sclerophyllous evergreen, characteristic of Mediterranean coastal scrub vegetation. In Italy, trees of A. unedo have been found close to natural CO2 vents where the mean atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is about 2200 μmol mol−1. Comparisons were made between trees growing in elevated and ambient CO2 concentrations to test for evidence of adaptation to long-term exposure to elevated CO2. Leaves formed at elevated CO2 have a lower stomatal density and stomatal index and higher specific leaf area than those formed at ambient CO2, but there was no change in carbon to nitrogen ratios of the leaf tissue. Stomatal conductance was lower at elevated CO2 during rapid growth in the spring. In mid-summer, under drought stress, stomatal closure of all leaves occurred and in the autumn, when stress was relieved, the conductance of leaves at both elevated and ambient CO2 increased. In the spring, the stomatal conductance of the new flush of leaves at ambient CO2 was higher than the leaves at elevated CO2, increasing instantaneous water use efficiency at elevated CO2. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements suggested that elevated CO2 provided some protection against photoinhibition in mid-summer. Analysis of A/Ci curves showed that there was no evidence of either upward or downward regulation of photosynthesis at elevated CO2. It is therefore anticipated that A. unedo will have higher growth rates as the ambient CO2 concentrations increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00028.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of avirulences in Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 44 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The genetics of avirulences towards barley mildew resistances were analysed in crosses of the Ervsiphe graminis f.sp. hordei isolate DH14 with CC107 and with CC138. Nine avirulences, Avra9, Avra10, Avra11, Avra12, AvrAb, AvrCP, Avrh, Avrk and AvrLa, segregated as single genes in one or other cross. However. F1 segregation data were consistent with avirulence matching the Mla7 resistance gene being controlled by two genes, designated Avra71 and Avra72. Infection types of avirulent isolates differed on varieties in which Mla7 had been derived from each of the four known sources of that resistance. Linkage was detected between Avra71 and Avrh in the cross CC107 × DH14, and between Avra10 and Avrk, Avra11 and AvrLa, and Avrh and the triadimenol response gene Tdl2 in CC138 × DH14.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02663.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recombination and selection in populations of plant pathogens (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 44 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A theoretical model has been used to study the dynamics of the frequencies of the following: a virulence gene which is selected by part of the host plant population; an unnecessary virulence gene, which is not required for infection of the host; and the gametic disequilibrium between the two genes. If the two genes are not initially in gametic equilibrium, the frequency of the unnecessary virulence may be altered greatly by hitch-hiking selection, because of the increased frequency of the selected virulence. The hitchhiking effect is strongest if reproduction is entirely asexual, but can still be significant if the frequency of recombination is less than the fraction of the host population which consists of selectively resistant plants. The frequency of recombination may be reduced if reproduction is partly clonal, rather than fully sexual, or if the two genes are linked. Selection against unnecessary virulence may give rise to complex dynamics of both virulence alleles; in particular, the frequency of an unnecessary virulence can rise substantially, by hitch-hiking selection, even if there is some sex or recombination. The direction in which the unnecessary virulence's frequency changes depends on the sign of the gametic disequilibrium between it and the selected gene, and on the existence of selection against unnecessary virulence. If there is no such selection, the long-term dynamics of genotype frequencies in a largely asexual pathogen population may be unpredictable. Consequently, disease control strategies based on planned replacements of one resistance gene by another are unlikely to be effective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02779.x
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