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  • 2000-2004  (5)
  • 2001  (5)
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  • 2000-2004  (5)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volatile Flavor Compounds of Sweetened Condensed Milk (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 66 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The volatile compounds of sweetened condensed milk (SCM) were investigated to explain their contribution to SCM flavor. Commercially processed SCM was diluted with water and the volatiles were isolated by simultaneous steam distillation-extraction under reduced pressure. Commercial liquid milk was used for comparison. The odor concentrate was analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and then fractionated by silica gel TLC and preparative GC to determine the contributors to SCM flavor. Major volatile compounds were 10 fatty acids, 14 lactones, 10 ketones, 13 hydrocarbons, 8 alcohols, 4 aldehydes, and 8 miscellaneous compounds. δ-Decalactone and δ-dodecalactone were the principal contributors to SCM flavor although the other lactones may contribute as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15176.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental test of the radial force balance equation in the compact helical system (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Experimental test of the radial force balance equation was done in the Compact Helical System Heliotron/Torsatron [S. Okamura et al. Nucl. Fusion 39, 1337 (1999)]. A radial electric field is measured with a heavy ion beam probe, while plasma rotation and drift velocity of fully ionized carbon are measured with charge exchange spectroscopy. The two measurements agree with each other to within 10% of the radial electric field in a wide range of electron densities of 0.3–2.0×1019 m−3. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1331097
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion cyclotron range of frequency heating experiments on the large helical device and high energy ion behavior : The 42nd annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the American Physical Society and the 10th international congress on plasma physics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 2139-2147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) heating experiments on the Large Helical Device (LHD) [O. Motojima et al. Fus. Eng. Des. 20, 3 (1993)] achieved significant advances during the third experimental campaign carried out in 1999. They showed significant results in two heating modes; these are modes of the ICH-sustained plasma with large plasma stored energy and the neutral beam injection (NBI) plasma under additional heating. A long-pulse operation of more than 1 minute was achieved at a level of 1 MW. The characteristics of the ICRF heated plasma are the same as those of the NBI heated plasma. The energy confinement time is longer than that of International Stellarator Scaling 95. Three keys to successful ICRF heating are as follows: (1) an increase in the magnetic field strength, (2) the employment of an inward shift of the magnetic axis, (3) the installation of actively cooled graphite plates along the divertor legs. Highly energetic protons accelerated by the ICRF electric field were experimentally observed in the energy range from 30 to 250 keV and the tail temperature depended on the energy balance between the wave heating and the electron drag. The transfer efficiency from the high energy ions to the bulk plasma was deduced from the increase in the energy confinement time due to the high energy ions in the lower density discharge, which agrees fairly well with the result obtained by the Monte Carlo simulation. The transfer efficiency is expected to be 95% at an electron density of more than ne=5.0×1019 m−3 even in the high power heating of 10 MW. The accumulation of impurities, e.g., FeXVI and OV was not observed in high rf power and long pulse operation. The well-defined divertor intrinsic to LHD is believed to be useful in reducing the impurity influx. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1354152
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inward turbulent particle transport in a helical plasma heated by neutral beam injection (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 4035-4041 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In neutral-beam-injection (NBI) heated plasmas of the Compact Helical System (CHS) heliotron/torsatron [K. Matsuoka et al., Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, 1988 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1989), Vol. 2, p. 441], inward turbulent particle flux is observed at a particular radial location near the plasma edge. The observed reversal of the particle flux is connected to the change in the cross-phase between electron density and poloidal electric field fluctuations. This phenomenon is observed in the parameter regime of low collisionality at the electron temperature Te〉15 eV, electron density ne〈3×1018 m−3, which approximately corresponds to the effective collision frequency normalized by the transit frequency of a circulating particle ν*(approximately-less-than)1. The large inward particle flux ((approximately-greater-than)1×1020 m−2 s−1) correlates with the positive shear of the radial electric field Er′ ((approximately-greater-than)1×106 V m−2), but does not have clear correlation with the radial electric field Er and the curvature Er″. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1387267
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase determination by wavelength-modulated diffraction. I. Centrosymmetric case (2001)
    Chester : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Journal of synchrotron radiation 8 (2001), S. 1035-1039 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5775
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Wavelength-modulated diffraction was developed by Iwasaki, Yurugi & Yoshimura [Acta Cryst. (1999), A55, 864–870] as a method for phase determination, in which the intensity of Bragg reflections is recorded using radiation whose wavelength is changing continually over a range in the vicinity of the absorption edge of an atom in the crystal. Using a ferrocene derivative crystal (chemical formula C36H32O7Fe, space group P21/a) with the Fe atoms chosen as anomalous scatterers, measurements were made of the intensity gradient dI/dλ of the reflections with an imaging plate as a detector on a synchrotron radiation source at Ritsumeikan University. In the case of a centrosymmetric crystal, the phase of the structure factor could be derived by measuring only the sign of dI/dλ at one wavelength in the range. Of 104 reflections measured, the correct phase was assigned to 101 reflections. A discussion is given on the errors involved and on the limits of application of the method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0909049501004939
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