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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective Oxidation of Manganese and Chromium during Annealing of Low Carbon Strip Steels (2006)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Advanced materials research Vol. 15-17 (Feb. 2006), p. 762-767 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-8985
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Surface graphitization is a well known defect that occurs when low carbon steel strip isbatch annealed. A small addition of chromium (about 0.04 wt %) can be used to minimize thesurface graphitization. However chromium and some other alloy elements, such as manganese usedin this class of steel, have higher affinities for oxygen than iron. Therefore it is possible for them tobe oxidized during batch annealing in a reducing environment to iron. Selective oxidation of thesetwo elements gives rise to a risk of forming different surface defects that may affect the quality ofthe tinned surface. The edge defect is characterized as a region of low reflectivity on the tin plateproduct caused by grain boundary precipitates. A porous tin coating with a dull appearance isproduced in the affected areas. Not only are the aesthetical values of the finished tin plate productaffected but the corrosion resistance is also reduced.In this investigation surface oxides formed at grain boundary of low carbon steels annealed at700°C in 5% hydrogen 95% nitrogen atmosphere were characterized using scanning electronmicroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Two different oxide particles (Fe,Mn)O andMnCr2O4 were observed at the grain boundaries with the former five-fold coarser than the latter. Itwas found at the annealing temperature of 700°C, that the mean particle size of the (Fe,Mn)Odepends on the manganese content, while the mean particle size, and distribution of the MnCr2O4was dependent on chromium, but independent of manganese. The coarse (Fe,Mn)O precipitatespose no potential risks to electrolytic tinning as they will be removed by the pickling operation priorto tinning. Controlling the chromium content of the steel can minimize the potential risks posed bythe MnCr2O4 to the quality of electrolytic tinning
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/39/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FAMR.15-17.762.pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supramolecular Chemistry at the Liquid/Solid Interface a Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Approach (2007)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 121-123 (Mar. 2007), p. 369-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: With scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), the intramolecularconformational and intermolecular ordering aspects have been investigated of avariety of organic molecules physisorbed at the liquid-solid interface. By balancingthe interplay between intramolecular and intermolecular interactions (hydrogenbonding), leading to control of the molecular conformation, foldamers were createdwhich order into well-defined two-dimensional crystals. The nature of the hydrogenbonding groups in conjugated oligomers leads to the formation of infinite stacks andcyclic multimers, expressing the chiral nature of the molecules
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/23/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FSSP.121-123.369.pdf
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Starch Granule Size Strongly Determines Starch Noodle Processing and Noodle Quality (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chemical compositions, physical properties, and suitability for starch noodle making of different granule size fractions from potato and sweet potato starches were studied. The ash content, amylose content, phosphorus content, gel firmness, and freeze-thaw stability of small-size granule fractions(〈 20 μm) were significantly different from those of the large-size granule fractions. The processibility and the qualities evaluated by objective and subjective methods of both dried and cooked starch noodles made from small-size granule fractions were significantly better than those made from their initial starch preparations and much better than those made from the large-size granule fractions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb12295.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physicochemical Properties of Starches Obtained from Three Varieties of Chinese Sweet Potatoes (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Starches isolated from 3 typical types of Chinese sweet potato varieties (XuShu18, SuShu2, and SuShu8) were characterized and compared with starches isolated from potato and mung bean. The 3 sweet potato starches differed in granule size; particle size distribution; protein, lipid, and phosphorus contents; pasting behaviors; swelling patterns; and syneresis. The retrogradation tendencies, measured both by setback ratio and by syneresis, differed for the 3 starches, although the amylose contents were quite similar (19.3 to 20.0%). Physicochemical properties of all 3 types of starches are evidently different from each other and from those of potato and mung bean starches. Keywords: sweet potato, starch, gelatinization, retrogradation, swelling, syneresis
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb05690.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of Starch Noodles Made from Three Typical Chinese Sweet-potato Starches (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The physical properties of starches from 3 typical Chinese sweet potato varieties (SuShu2, SuShu8, and XuShu18) were studied in relation to their noodle-making performance. The starch gel properties of SuShu2 differed from those of SuShu8 and XuShu18. As determined by both instrumental and sensory analysis the use of SuShu8 starch resulted in better noodle quality compared to XuShu18 and SuShu2 starches. The gel properties and noodle quality of the 3 sweet-potato starches were clearly different from those of mung-bean starch. Correlation between starch noodle quality and gel properties of the original starches was established. Keywords: sweet potato, starch, gel, noodle
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb09589.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of defects in GaN grown by the two-flow metalorganic chemical vapor deposition technique using monoenergetic positron beams (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Defects in GaN grown using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition were studied through the use of monoenergetic positron beams. For Mg-doped GaN, no large change in the diffusion length of positrons was observed before and after activation of Mg. This was attributed to the scattering of positrons by potentials caused by electric dipoles of Mg–hydrogen pairs. For Si-doped GaN, the line-shape parameter S increased as carrier density increased, suggesting an introduction of Ga vacancy due to the Fermi level effect. Based on these results, we discuss the effects of the growth polar direction of GaN on optical properties in this article. Although the optical properties of a GaN film grown toward the Ga face direction exhibited excitonic features, a film grown toward the N face (−c) direction exhibited broadened photoluminescence and transmittance spectra, and a Stokes shift of about 20 meV was observed. This difference was attributed to extended band-tail states introduced by high concentrations of donors and acceptor-type defects in −c GaN. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1372163
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterning of sp3- and sp2-bonded carbon by atomic-force microscopy (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 3619-3621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report the pattering of sp3- and sp2-bonded carbon by using conducting atomic-force microscopy (AFM) working in the noncontact mode. A ta-C film with ∼80% sp3 bonds was scanned by the conducting AFM with a biased tip. A current image that clearly shows gray/white and black features was obtained while scanning in the noncontact mode. These features were proposed to be the result of the different electron emission abilities of the sp3- and sp2-bonded carbon in the film. The result not only enables us to image the distribution of the sp3 and sp2 bonds of a-C, but also extends the AFM to provide the electron emission information of a-C on a nanometer scale. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1354654
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 449 (2007), S. 459-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The adoption of cereal cultivation was one of the most important cultural processes in history, marking the transition from hunting and gathering by Mesolithic foragers to the food-producing economy of Neolithic farmers. In the Lower Yangtze region of China, a centre of rice domestication, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06135
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma devices to guide and collimate a high density of MeV electrons (2004)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 432 (2004), S. 1005-1008 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The development of ultra-intense lasers has facilitated new studies in laboratory astrophysics and high-density nuclear science, including laser fusion. Such research relies on the efficient generation of enormous numbers of high-energy charged particles. For example, laser–matter ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03133
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of sulphur supply on the morphology of shoots and roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A sulphur (S)-deficient top soil was used in a pot experiment to investigate the effect of S supply on shoot and root growth and development in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The treatments consisted of three rates of addition of S: 0, 20 and 40 mg kg−1 soil and each was replicated four times. Alfalfa was harvested at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 d after seedling emergence.By the end of the experiment, plants with S supply had a significantly larger leaf area, heavier leaf, shoot and root dry weight per pot than controls. The effects of adding S also significantly increased plant height, basal stem diameter, chlorophyll concentration of young leaves, root length and root surface area compared with controls. The effects of S were greater on shoots than on roots. The ratio of root to shoot dry weight was 0·47 when S was supplied and 0·88 without added S, indicating that c. 0·32 and 0·47 of the total net photosynthate, produced with or without S supply, respectively, were used for the development of roots. Overall, overcoming S deficiency resulted in a significant increase in shoot and root growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2003.00366.x
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