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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous Three-Dimensional Examination of Interior Hair Structure (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 27 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ability to continuously examine the interior hair structure throughout a treatment process is very important in designing effective hair products. Microscopy is commonly used to observe the interior of hair, but this method requires a sliced sample, making continuous observation impossible. Use of X-ray computed tomography (CT) as a non-destructive measurement has been proposed, but this method has a disadvantage in that it is impossible to obtain full-color interior images of the sample. Thus, a non-destructive method for continuous, full-color examination of the interior hair structure has been lacking. In this study a new method is proposed that enables non-destructive and continuous measurement of the interior hair structure with color information. In our method, optical CT is used for reconstruction of the interior hair structure. Our new theories enabled us to solve the crucial problem of the large observational error of traditional optical CT systems caused by internal light scattering and to make its practical application possible. A new optical CT system based on our method was implemented. This system displayed sufficient accuracy when the phantom image was measured, and clear and full-color cross-sectional images were obtained without destruction of the sample when human hair was observed. When the bleaching and dyeing processes were continuously measured, changes in the interior hair with time could be observed. These results clearly indicate that our new method provides a powerful tool for research and product development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1318.2005.00268_1.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulsed radar reflectometry on the LHD : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 328-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Pulsed radar reflectometry is a suitable reflectometric technique with which to study the effect of strong magnetic shear for the polarization of microwaves in the Large Helical Device. Because pulsed radar reflectometry measures the delay time of the reflected wave, not the phase, X-mode and O-mode polarized waves can be distinguished. At a preliminary stage of X-mode operation it is found that the position of the ergodic edge layer is steady in spite of the increased density in the core region when a neutral beam is injected. If the electron density does not reach the critical cutoff density, the pulsed radar system could be used as a delayometer. The measured delayometer signal is almost in agreement with the numerical calculation under the assumption that polarization of the wave propagated into the plasma is decided at the edge region. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1326900
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CO2 laser imaging interferometer on LHD : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 1089-1093 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A CO2 laser (λ=10.6 μm) imaging interferometer is designed for electron density profile and electron density fluctuation measurements on large helical device (LHD). The purposes of this diagnostic are reliable electron density monitor in high density operation (especially in pellet injection discharge), precise measurement of electron density profiles and observations of density fluctuations. By using a CO2 laser, refraction effect becomes negligible, and the interferometer promises to be free from fringe jumps at high density. We plan to get 5 mm spatial resolution, (56 ch for each of two 280 mm slab beams, 50 ch for one 250 mm and 16 ch for 80 mm crossed beam), 3×10−3 rad phase resolution and 200 kHz frequency response for the above purpose. And fluctuation will be studied within the wave number range of 7×10−3≤k≤0.6 mm−1. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1323247
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New type of digital phase linearizer for real-time interferometric measurement : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 1103-1106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new type of digital phase linearizer has been developed for real-time electron density measurement using a multichannel far-infrared (FIR) interferometer. The phase linearizer can measure phase shifts up to 640 fringes. The size of internal memory is 16 bits-2 Mwords and the sampling frequency of the waveform data is up to 1 MHz. The internal clock for the counter is selectable to 100 or 200 MHz and the frequencies of the input signals, i.e., the reference signal and the probe one, are around 1 MHz. In the performance test the resolution of the phase components is achieved at 1/100 fringes, which corresponds to the line integrated density of 9.0×1016 m−2. For real-time measurements the phase linearizer has digital-to-analog converter (DAC) output. The resolution of DAC output is 12 bits and the amplitude is ± 5 V. The density feedback system on the large helical device has been utilized. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1324742
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photothermal deflection spectroscopy of chalcogenide glasses (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 125-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Photothermal deflection spectroscopy has been applied to optical absorption measurements in As2S3, Se, and As–S glasses. The spectroscopic method is demonstrated to be suitable for evaluation of small absorption in thin samples, while its accuracy is affected by light scattering. For As2S3, as-evaporated films give higher residual absorption than those of the bulk. In the As–S system, As2S3 shows the most prominent weak absorption tail, and As17S83 exhibits a peculiar spectrum. The origins of these features are discussed. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1426252
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoinduced surface deformations in ion-conducting Ag–As–S glasses. I. Isotropic deformations produced by small light spots (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 4697-4702 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Prominent surface deformations appear in Ag–As–S chalcogenide glasses when exposed to focused laser beams. Deformation behaviors change with the beam diameter, the photon energy, the temperature at which illumination is provided, and the sample composition. In thin AgAsS2 films exposed at room temperature to a 2.0 eV light spot with a diameter of 2 μm, an isotropic convex structure with a height of ∼0.1 μm appears. The expanded region accompanies an Ag-content enhancement by ∼3 at. %, which suggests that the deformation is caused by photoinduced accumulation of Ag+ ions. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1357471
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoinduced surface deformations in ion-conducting Ag–As–S glasses. II. Anisotropic deformation produced by large light spots (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 4703-4706 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Anisotropic surface deformations appear in AgAsS2 chalcogenide films when exposed to linearly polarized 2.0 eV light spots with diameters of 5–200 μm. The anisotropic shape reflects the polarization direction. The shape also changes with the direction of light incidence. Illumination on the free surface of the films gives a craterlike deformation, and illumination through a substrate gives an anticrater deformation. In bulk samples, under any exposure conditions, an isotropic convex structure appears. The formation mechanisms of these patterns are discussed taking into account the photoinduced migration of Ag+ ions. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1357472
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Planar shock wave generated by uniform irradiation from two overlapped partially coherent laser beams (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 2571-2575 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Two partially coherent light laser beams, coupled with a random phase plate were focused at an angle of 31.7° with the centers of the beams offset by 250 μm. This produced a relatively uniform (7% root-mean-square) irradiated spot of 400 μm. When this technique was used to produce a shock wave in a copper wedge, a relatively uniform shock of 2 ns duration was produced. In addition, a multilayered flyer plate was accelerated using this method to an average speed of 21 km/s and produced a planar impact on a glass window. It is anticipated that this technique can be used to produce important multi-Mbar equation of state information in future experiments. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1342189
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of ion desorption induced by carbon core excitation for poly-methylmethacrylate thin film using electron–ion coincidence spectroscopy (2001)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 114 (2001), S. 2751-2759 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have developed a new electron–ion coincidence apparatus combined with synchrotron radiation in order to examine the various ion desorption mechanisms related to the Auger process induced by core excitation. Photon stimulated ion desorption (PSID) of a poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) thin film has been investigated by this apparatus. The PSID of PMMA induced by carbon core excitation has been examined using Auger electron yield, total ion yield, resonant Auger electron, and Auger electron–photoion coincidence (AEPICO) spectra. The spectrum of the total ion yield divided by the Auger electron yield shows that the desorption efficiency is largely increased at the resonant excitation of carbon 1s electron in the O–CH3 side chain to σ*(O–CH3) orbital. In AEPICO measurement, H+ and CHn+ (n=1–3) ions are observed at various resonant excitations. The AEPICO signal intensity depends on the Auger electron energy. Particularly, the CH3+ ion desorption in coincidence with Auger electron at 270 eV shows strong enhancement with σ*(O–CH3) resonant excitation. The results of the resonant Auger spectra and AEPICO yield spectra demonstrate the relation of the ion desorption mechanism to the bonding/antibonding character and localized character of the excited σ*(O–CH3) orbital and the Auger final state. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1335817
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The 14-channel grating polychromator for ECE measurements in LHD : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 387-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A 14-channel grating polychromator for the purpose of measuring the electron cyclotron emission (ECE) spectrum has been developed and installed on the large helical device (LHD). The grating polychromator has a Czerny–Turner setup. The main advantage of the grating polychromator is that it has a broad spectral range. Hence, it can be utilized at different magnetic field strengths. Changing the angle or replacing the grating can do this. Gratings with a grid constant of d=2.3, 3, and 5 mm and a blaze angle of 20° can be applied and the scattered spectrum is directed to 14-liquid He cooled InSb detectors. Standard operation is performed with d=3 mm, frange=148–105 GHz. This is second harmonic ECE for B=2.75 T. Each channel has a spectral resolution of Δf (full width at half maximum)=2.6 GHz or f/Δf=60 at f=150 GHz. The properties of the instrument and first experimental results of LHD ECE will be described in this article. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1309006
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