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  • 1
    ISSN: 1434-5196
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Methadon ; Levomethadon ; Dosis/Wirkungsbeziehung ; Stereoselektiver Nachweis ; HPLC-Analytik ; Therapeutic drug monitoring ; Methadon-assoziierte Todesfälle ; Keywords Methadone ; Levomethadone ; Dose-effect relationship ; Enantio-selective analysis ; HPLC analysis ; Therapeutic drug monitoring Methadone-associated death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In Germany, there is a special situation that racemic dl-methadone and the (biologically effective) l-form (levomethadone) are both used as a substitute for heroin. The therapeutic effect of methadone is stereo-specific and the metabolism is also enantioselective. Therefore an approach to the dose-effect relationship of methadone requires an enantioselective analytical separation. For this a HPLC method was optimised especially for post-mortem blood samples. After liquid/¶liquid extraction with 1-chlorobutane, the extract was separated on a column combination of 4 cm CN and 10 cm chiral AGP phases with the solvent AcN/ 0.01 M PO4 buffer ¶pH 5.0/ dimethyloctlyamine (15/85/0.5). ¶The methadone enantiomers elute baseline separated at approx. 15 min (l-form) and ¶18 min (d-form). The two EDDP-enantiomers and drugs which are frequently consumed supplementary to methadone such as heroin, cocaine, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, antiepileptics etc. , do not interfere with detection. With this method the methadone l/d-ratio was determined in 93 serum samples from living addicts and 106 post-mortem blood samples from drug deaths. From the l/d-ratio and the concentration of total methadone as determined by other methods (GC-MS or RP-HPLC) the l-methadone concentration was calculated. In approximately 50% of the post-mortem samples the l-methadone concentration was higher than 0.3 mg/l, whereas this level was exceeded in only one of the living persons. ¶If dl-methadone was taken, the individual l/d-ratio in blood samples from living as ¶well as deceased persons differed greatly ranging from approx. 25/75 to 75/25, with ¶a mean of 50/50. In samples from 1999, ¶l-methadone was found exclusively in approx. 20% of the cases. In some cases it was obvious that both l- and dl-methadone had been used. Fatal cases with high l-methadone concentrations (〉1 mg/l) gave rise to concern, because the l/d-ratio greatly exceeded 50/50in all cases . This could be considered as an indication of an individually extremely slow metabolism of l-methadone in these cases, resulting in an accumulation of l-methadone. These examples from the forensic casework demonstrate the necessity of an enantioselective quantification of ¶l-methadone as used for therapeutic drug monitoring and in forensic cases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Deutschland wird Methadon sowohl als Racemat (dl-Methadon) als auch in der ¶allein wirksamen l-Form (Levomethadon) als Substitutionsmittel angewandt. Die Wirkung von Methadon ist stereospezifisch, auch der Metabolismus ist stereoselektiv. Wenn man sich daher insbesondere aus ¶forensischer Sicht der Frage einer Dosis/¶Wirkungsbeziehung von Methadon nähern will, ist eine strereoselektive Analytik Voraussetzung. Eine HPLC-Methode wurde hierfür insbesondere zur routinemäßigen Anwendung an Leichenblutproben optimiert: Nach fl./fl.-Extraktion mit 1-Chlorbutan wurde der Extrakt auf einer Säulenkombination aus ¶4 cm CN- und 10 cm chiraler AGP-Phase mit AcN/ 0,01 M PO4-Puffer pH 5,0/Dimethyloctylamin (15/85/0,05) aufgetrennt. Die Methadon-Enantiomeren eluieren Basislinien-getrennt bei ca. 15 min (l-Form) bzw. 18 min (d-Form). Die beiden EDDP-Enantiomeren und typische Beigebrauchsstoffe (Heroin, Kokain, Benzodiazepine, trizyklische Antidepressiva, Antiepileptika u. a.) stören nicht. Mit dieser Methode wurde das l/d-Verhält-nis in 93 Serumproben von lebenden Probanden und 106 Leichenblutproben bestimmt und aus der mit anderen Methoden (GC-MS, RP-HPLC) ermittelten Gesamtmethadonkonzentration die Levomethadonkonzentration berechnet. In etwa der Hälfte der Todesfälle lag die Levomethadonkonzentration über 0,3 mg/l, ein Wert, der bei den Lebenden nur in einem Fall überschritten wurde. Bei Racemataufnahme lag das individuelle l/d-Verhältnis im Blut bei Lebenden wie Leichen ¶etwa zwischen 25/75 und 75/25, im Mittel bei 50/50. In Proben aus 1999 wurden in ca. 20% der Fälle ausschließlich Levomethadon gefunden. Auffallend waren einige Fälle, in denen offensichtlich eine gemischte Versorgung mit Levomethadon plus Racemat erfolgt ist. Anlass zu Bedenken geben Todesfälle mit hohen Levomethadonkonzentration (〉1 mg/l), bei denen das l/d-Racematverhältnis ausnahmslos deutlich über 50/50 lag. Dies könnte als Hinweis darauf gewertet werden, dass in diesen Fällen eine besonders langsame Metabolisierung von l-Methadon zu einer tödlichen Kumulation von l-Methadon geführt hat. Unsere Fälle aus der forensischen Praxis zeigen die Notwendigkeit einer stereoselektiven Quantifizierung von Levomethadon sowohl zum therapeutic drug monitoring als auch in forensischen Fällen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Liver resection ; Virtual reality ; Risk scoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The risk involved in partial liver resections depends mainly on tumor localization, invasion of central vascular structures, and parenchymal function. The imaging techniques available today (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) allow us to detect precisely the extent of tumor invasion and their relationship to central vessels. The various three-dimensional reconstruction techniques are helpful with regard to a virtual planning of liver resections. The calculation of remaining liver volumes subsequent to partial hepatectomies are considered to be an essential predictive parameter in terms for the development of postoperative liver failure. In a retrospective and a later consecutive, prospective clinical study we analyzed the postoperative risk in a series of 570 patients. In an univariate analysis 13 of 31 parameters showed significant values. In multivariate analysis only three parameters (partial hepatic resection rate, PHRR), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, and prothrombin activity) were independent parameters for predicting liver failure, generating the most significant values for the PHRR. In our experience the most comfortable and precise technique for evaluating PHRR is the b-spline technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 70 (2000), S. 527-527 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: PACS: 42.55.Mv
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract. It is observed that the efficiency of the DCM dye dissolved in ethylene glycol benzyl alcohol can be enhanced if the dye is preheated at a temperature of 150 °C. Peak powers as high as 1.5 W have been achieved with a single-mode ring dye laser at 640 nm when pumped by 9 W (all lines) from an argon-ion laser. The wavelength region has been also extended beyond both ends of the tuning curve compared to a conventionally prepared DCM dye.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 70 (2000), S. 351-354 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: PACS: 42.55.Ye
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract. cw Raman lasing of Na2 molecules generated in a heated, sealed-off, all-sapphire cell is demonstrated. Being not damaged by highly corrosive alkaline vapours, this type of cell enables operation without buffer gas in contrast to the normal heatpipe operation of these lasers. This allows us to study Raman lasers in alkaline vapours in new regimes and under ideal conditions. With an argon ion pump laser at 488 nm, Raman laser operation at 525 nm with more than 10% efficiency and thresholds below 0.2 mW for a cell without buffer gas (length 9 cm) have been obtained so far. The low thresholds, being a factor of 10 less than for comparable heatpipe operation, gives us the chance to use low-power diode lasers as pump sources and to realize compact reliable Raman laser systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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