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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: estrogens ; antiestrogens ; antiprogestins ; progestins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780 has been shown to have antiprogestin activity in reporter gene constructs. Cell lines, naturally devoid of progesterone receptors (PR) were transfected with either the A or B forms of the human PR and a luciferase construct driven by a progesterone-response element (PRE). Because this system is an artificial one, our purpose was to determine whether these observations could be made in a human breast cancer cell line, naturally containing PR. We further evaluated the dose-response of ICI 182,780 and RU-486 (mifepristone) on PR and estrogen receptors (ER) in the presence of either progesterone, norgestrel or estradiol. These effects were measured using immunoassays for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and human glandular kallikrein (hK2) and pS2. We found that ICI 182,780 blocked progesterone-stimulated PSA and hK2 production 100% at 10−5 M, which decreased significantly by 10−6 M. This inhibition did not occur when norgestrel was the progestin used. RU-486 showed 100% blockade for both progestins at all concentrations used. We concluded that the antiprogestin activity of ICI 182,780 exists for progesterone only. This weak antiprogestin activity may be unlikely to have significant clinical implications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 94 (June 2003), p. 313-318 
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 201 (2000), S. 341-348 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Amphibian skin ; Dermal glands ; Lipids ; Water balance ; Xeric adaptations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructure of cutaneous glands is described in the Australian hylid Litoria caerulea. Three main types of glands could be distinguished in both ventral and dorsal skin: mucous, serous or granular, and lipid glands. Both mucous, and to some extent, serous glands show a PAS-positive reaction. Some of the granular-serous glands react to lipid staining. In addition, a very large gland confined to the dorsal skin of the head reacts to lipid staining. Apparently more than one type of dermal gland is involved in lipid secretion. The subject of skin lipid secretion is discussed in relation to the ecophysiological adaptations of this xeric-inhabiting frog.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Alzheimer’s disease ; Dementia with Lewy bodies ; Parkinson’s disease ; APP717 gene mutation ; Beta amyloid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene cause one form of early onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One such family has been studied genetically and neuropathologically and represents the basis of the present report. Four siblings with the APP717 Val to Ile mutation, aged 59, 65, 61 and 64 years, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyped 2,4 (first three) and 2,3 respectively, had severe AD, Braak stage VI with frequent neurofibrillary tangles in the primary visual cortex, Brodmann area 17. The first one also met McKeith criteria for the limbic stage of dementia with Lewy bodies but did not have substantia nigra Lewy bodies. The second two met McKeith criteria for the neocortical stage of dementia with Lewy bodies and both had substantia nigra Lewy bodies. The fourth had AD but no Lewy bodies. A cousin without the APP717 mutation who was APOE 3, 4, developed dementia at age 60 and died at age 75. She had severe cerebrovascular atherosclerosis, less severe AD, Braak stage V, with sparing of area 17. She also had Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra and in the cortex and met McKeith criteria for neocortical stage of dementia with Lewy bodies. Extrapyramidal features were present in all five. Lewy bodies have been described in 53% of reported autopsies on individuals with the APP717 Val to Ile mutation coincident with dementia and AD neuropathologic changes. These observations suggest an association between the chromosome 21 APP mutation and Lewy body formation, possibly mediated by other environmental or genetic factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 136 (2000), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Flat fishes, such as the dab Limanda limanda, commonly prey on arms of Amphiura filiformis. We demonstrate in flume experiments that A. filiformis showed a more or less simultaneous response to an up-stream predation by dab on conspecifics: the arms, which are stretched up into the water column when filter feeding, responded by bending down to the sediment surface, and some arms submerged, at least partly, into the sediment. We interpret this as an alarm response. A similar, but significantly weaker response in A. filiformis was also recorded when dab ate Amphiura chiajei. Homogenates of the two Amphiura species and arm pinching – to simulate partial predation – elicited a similar response in A. filiformis, the arms bent to the sediment surface. In contrast, however, the behavioural response of the arms to the homogenates was to protrude further out of the sediment and sweep the surface vigorously. We interpret this as a feeding behaviour. Response to arm pinching was less clear. The ecological consequences and origin of alarm signal response in A. filiformis are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Petrographic, electron microprobe, and bulk-rock geochemical analyses indicate that the distribution and composition of ferromagnesian silicates (biotite, garnet, and staurolite) in and adjacent to the metamorphosed Bleikvassli Zn–Pb–(Cu) volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Norway, are dependent upon the competing effects of f O2–f S2 and host-rock composition. The enrichment in magnesium content of these silicates within the orebody and at distances of as much as 5–10 m away is due to the increased f O2 and f S2 conditions imposed on the silicates in zones subject to minor hydrothermal alteration during regional metamorphism. Alternatively, within pelitic country rocks at distances 〉5–10 m from ore, the host-rock chemistry controls the composition of metamorphic silicate minerals. Also, country rocks within a few meters of ore are distinguished by the common presence of zinc-bearing staurolite (up to 9 wt% ZnO) coexisting with biotite ± garnet. Rocks in the Bleikvassli deposit were hydrothermally enriched in zinc and fluorine prior to metamorphism. The fluorine resides mainly in biotite, which is an additional contributing factor to the magnesium enrichment of that mineral due to Fe2+–F avoidance. Our inference that the sulfidation–oxidation halo around the Bleikvassli ore deposit is only meters in width contrasts with the view of Maiga (1983), who proposed the effects of sulfidation could be identified at distances 〉159 m from ore. It is evident that the delineation of a sulfidation–oxidation halo bordering a metamorphosed massive sulfide deposit must be done carefully in order to discriminate between the effects due to variations in primary rock composition versus those resulting from a sulfur and oxygen fugacity gradient between the massive sulfides and the sulfur-poor country rocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS) was applied for the determination of butyl- and phenyltin compounds. Chromatography was performed on a 30 ׶2 mm, 3 μm C18 column, enabling the separation of mono-, di- and trisubstituted butyl- and phenyltin compounds in less than 10 min using a water/1% trifluoroacetic acid/¶methanol gradient. While satisfactory retention and resolution is achieved for the di- and trisubstituted butyl- and phenyltin compounds, monobutyltin and monophenyltin cannot be resolved chromatographically. Depending on the parameter values of the interface, APCI-MS detection allows both specific detection of the molecular ion or cluster ion at low to intermediate fragmentor voltages or quasi-element specific detection of the Sn+ ion released from the organotin compounds at high fragmentor voltages. The sensitivity of MS detection is similar for butyl- and phenyltin compounds, but varies largely from mono- to trisubstituted organotin compounds with tributyl- and triphenyltin being the most sensitively detectable compounds. Detection limits are in the 20–65 pg (abs.) range in SIM mode and in the 750–2000 pg (abs.) range in the scan mode for tributyl- and triphenyltin and for dibutyl- and diphenyltin, respectively. Monobutyl- and monophenyltin can be detected with much lower sensitivity which, together with their unfavorable chromatographic behavior, accounts for the fact that they cannot be analyzed at environmentally relevant concentrations. Although LC-APCI-MS is generally less sensitive than comparable GC methods, it is applicable to the analysis of environmental samples as demonstrated by the analysis of the PACS-2 sediment certified reference material. Although the derivatization of the ionic organotin compounds, which particularly in real samples is a potential source of error, is circumvented when LC-APCI-MS is used, the extraction step is still critical and may lead to underestimation when quantitation is not done by the method of standard addition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0930-9225
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Interleukin-1 ; Interleukin-6 ; negative Inotropie ; kontraktiler Apparat ; Key words Interleukin-1 ; Interleukin-6 ; negative inotropic effect ; contractile apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Objective: Elevated levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been reported after cardiac operation, during inflammatory process and cardiac allograft rejection. Although several groups proved the evidence of a negative inotropic effect, the actual mechanism is not completely understood. Speaking generally it is possible that low molecular weight proteins are capable of altering myocardial contractility on the level of the contractile apparatus. Therefore this study analyzes whether IL-1 and/or IL-6 influence myocardial contractility on the level of the contractile apparatus.    Methods: During aorto-coronary bypass operation, human muscle fibers were excised (n=32) and skinned using Triton-X-100. The experimental skinned fiber model excludes membrane-related factors such as receptor activation and provides direct examination of the contractile apparatus itself. Different concentrations of IL-1 and IL-6 were applied (pIL-1/IL-6 1–2×10–5–10–11M). Force generation, calcium sensitivity, and velocity of force generation and relaxation were measured. (Experiments were carried out at optimal length, bath temperature 23°C, and isometric conditions.)    Results: None of the skinned muscle preparations of the human myocardium showed under the given experimental setup a significant change in contractility and relaxation after exposure to IL-1 and IL-6. Despite using nonphysiologic concentrations of IL-1 and IL-6 (pIL-1/IL-6 10–5M) no significant effect occurred. Furthermore no difference in calcium-sensitivity of the contractile proteins following addition of IL-1 and IL-6 could be observed.    Conclusions: Thus, there is no experimental evidence for direct modulation of the contractile apparatus by IL-1 or IL-6. Given these results it is possible to exclude some potentially negative inotropic cascades that are mediated on the level of the contractile apparatus as the molecular mechanism. These data show that therapies which support myocardial contractility during sepsis by stimulation of the contractile proteins do not seem to be very promising.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Einführung: Verschiedene Arbeitsgruppen konnten den Nachweis einer negativ inotropen Wirkung der Zytokine Interleukin-1 und Interleukin-6 erbringen, allerdings ohne den genauen Wirkungsmechanismus aufschlüsseln zu können. Da niedermolekulare Peptide prinzipiell in der Lage sind, das Kontraktionsverhalten von Herzmuskelfasern auf Ebene des kontraktilen Apparates zu modulieren, beschäftigt sich die hier vorgelegte Studie mit der Frage, ob Interleukin-1 und/oder Interleukin-6 eine Wirkung auf Ebene des kontraktilen Apparates entfalten können.    Methoden: Im Rahmen von Bypass-Operationen wurden menschliche Myokardpräparate gewonnen (n=32), deren Zellmembran mittels lipophiler Detergenzien (Triton-X-100) permeabilisiert wurde. Somit wurde der kontraktile Apparat bei gleichzeitiger Ausschaltung sämtlicher membranabhängiger Prozesse frei zugänglich. Es wurden die Auswirkungen unterschielich hoher Interleukin-1 und Interleukin-6 Konzentrationen (pIL 10–11–10–5) auf das Kontraktions- bzw. Relaxationsverhalten demembranisierter Herzmuskelfasern bestimmt. Gemessen wurde die isometrische Kraftentwicklung, die Zeitkonstante, als maßgebliche Zahl der Kontraktionskinetik, sowie die T/2-Relaxationszeit (Meßbedingungen: Vordehnung 2mN, 26°C Badtemperatur, isometrische Bedingungen).    Ergebnisse: Nach Analyse der isometrischen Kraftentwicklung konnte weder für Interleukin-1 noch für Interleukin-6 ein von initial durchgeführten Kontrollmessungen (ohne Interleukin-Zusatz) abweichendes Ergebnis festgestellt werden. Auch die Auswertung der kinetischen Versuchsparameter (Zeitkonstante/T/2-Relaxationszeit) konnte kein statistisch signifikantes Abweichen von zuvor durchgeführten Kontrollen aufdecken. Selbst die Verwendung extrem hoher Interleukin-Konzentrationen (pIL-1/pIL-6 1–2×10–5) konnte keine Wirkung auf das Kontraktions- bzw Relaxationsverhalten demembranisierter Herzmuskelfasern hervorrufen.    Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass Interleukin-1 und Interleukin-6 keine Wirkung auf die kontraktilen Proteine entfalten können. Dementsprechend können einige auf Ebene des kontraktilen Apparates potenziell negativ inotropen Reaktionskaskaden als Wirkungsmechanismen der Zytokine ausgeschlossen werden. Klinische Interventionen, die eine Verbesserung des Kontraktionsverhalten bei Sepsis etc. auf der Ebene des kontraktilen Apparates anstreben, scheinen nach den hier vorgestellten Daten wenig erfolgversprechend zu sein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    BJOG 109 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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