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  • 1
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter DHEA – Cortisol – Chronisch-entzündliche Erkrankungen ; Key words DHEA – cortisol – chronic inflammatory disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A dysfunction of the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal (HPA) axis was found in animal models of chronic inflammatory diseases, and the defect was located in more central portions of the HPA axis. This defect of neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms contributes to the onset of the odel disease. Since these first observations in animal models were made, evidence has accumulate that the possible defect in the HPA axis in humans is more distal to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland: In chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, an alteration of the HPA stress response results in inappropriately low cortisol secretion in relation to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion. Furthermore, it has recently been shown that the serum levels of another adrenal hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), were significantly lower after ACTH stimulation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis without prior corticosteroids than in healthy controls. These studies clearly indicate that chronic inflammation alters, particularly, the adrenal response. However, at this point, the reason for the specific alteration of adrenal function in relation to pituitary function remains to be determined. Since one of the down-regulated adrenal hormones, DHEA, is an inhibitor of cytokines due to an inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation, low levels of this hormone may e deleterious in chronic inflammatory diseases. We have recently demonstrated that DHEA is a potent inhibitor of IL-6, which confirmed an earlier study in mice. Since IL-6 is an important factor for B lymphocyte differentiation, the missing down-regulation of this cytokine, and others such as TNF, may be a significant risk factor in rheumatic diseases. Since in these patients, administration of prednisolone or the chronic inflammatory process itself alters adrenal function, endogenous adrenal hormones in relation to proinflammatory cytokines change. Furthermore, these mechanisms may also lead to shifts in steroidogenesis which have been demonstrated in chronic inflammatory diseases. It was repeatedly demonstrated that the serum level of the sulphated form of DHEA (DHEAS) was significantly lower in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. Since DHEAS is the pool for peripheral sex steroids, such as testosterone and 17β-estradiol, lack of this hormone leads to a significant sex hormone deficiency in the periphery. This overview will demonstrate mechanisms why DHEAS is reduced in chronic inflammatory diseases. The importance of DHEAS deficiency wll be demonstrated with respect to osteoporosis. As a consequence, we suggest a combined therapy with corticosteroids plus DHEA in chronic inflammatory diseases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In früheren Studien an Ratten wurde gezeigt, dass eine Dysfunktion der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennieren(HHN)-Achse vor allen Dingen im Bereich des Hypothalamus lokalisiert ist (genetisch determinierte inadäquate Sekretion von corticotropin-releasing-hormone). Dieser Defekt trug entscheidend zur Entwicklung einer Modell-Arthritis in diesen Tiermodellen bei. Beim Menschen stellt sich diese Situation allerdings anders dar: hier scheint der Defekt vor allen Dingen im Bereich der Nebenniere lokalisiert zu sein, wodurch es zu einer inadäquat niedrigen Kortisolproduktion bei chronisch entzündlichen Erkrankungen in Relation zum systemischen Entzündungsausmaß kommt. Neben Kortisol ist auch ein anderes adrenales Steroid, das Dehydroepiandrosteron (DHEA), drastisch erniedrigt. Die Ursache für die Störung der adrenalen Steroidproduktion bei rheumatoider Arthritis und anderen chronisch entzündlichen Erkrankungen ist zur Zeit nicht bekannt. Da DHEA sowohl den Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor Alpha (TNFα) als auch Interleukin(IL)-6 in vitro und in vivo hemmen kann, hat dieses adrenale Steroidhormon ebenso wie Kortisol wahrscheinlich eine antiinflammatorische Bedeutung. Die Wirkung des DHEA ist dabei durch eine Hemmung des nukleären Faktors NFκB vermittelt. Des weiteren kann DHEA in peripheren Zellen wie beispielsweise Makrophagen zu antiinflammatorisch wirksamen Geschlechtshormonen wie Testosteron umgewandelt werden. Bei Patienten mit chronisch entzündlichen Erkrankungen ist gerade DHEA deutlich erniedrigt, was durch eine zusätzliche Glukokortikoidtherapie noch verstärkt wird. Dieser Überlick demonstriert, warum gerade die Produktion von DHEA bei chronisch entzündlichen Erkrankungen erniedrigt ist. Die Bedeutung der DHEA-Verarmung wird am Beispiel der Osteoporose demonstriert. Es wird dargestellt, weshalb die parallele Therapie mit Glukokortikoiden plus DHEA eine interessante Therapieoption bei chronisch entzündlichen Erkrankungen darstellt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The CNS modulates immune cells by direct synaptic-likecontacts in the brain and at peripheral sites, such as lymphoid organs. Tostudy the nerve-macrophage communication, a superfusion method was used toinvestigate cotransmission of neuropeptide Y (NPY) with norepinephrine (NE),with interleukin (IL)-6 secretion used as the macrophage read-out parameter.Spleen tissue slices spontaneously released NE, NPY, and IL-6 leading to asuperfusate concentration at 3-4 h of 1 nM, 10 pM, and 120pg/ml, respectively. Under these conditions, NPY dose-dependently inhibitedIL-6 secretion with a maximum effect at 10-10M(p = 0.012) and 10-9M (p 〈 0.001).Simultaneous addition of NPY at 10-9M and theα-2-adrenergic agonist p-aminoclonidine further inhibited IL-6secretion (p 〈 0.05). However, simultaneous administration of NPYat 10-9M and the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenolat 10-6M or NE at 10-6Msignificantly increased IL-6 secretion (p 〈 0.005). To objectifythese differential effects of NPY, electrical field stimulation of spleenslices was applied to release endogenous NPY and NE. Electrical fieldstimulation markedly reduced IL-6 secretion, which was attenuated by the NPYY1 receptor antagonist BIBP 3226 (10-7M, p = 0.039;10-8M, p = 0.035). This indicates that NPY increases theinhibitory effect of endogenous NE, which is mediated at low NE concentrationsvia α-adrenoceptors. Blockade of α-adrenoceptors attenuatedelectrically induced inhibition of IL-6 secretion (p 〈 0.001),which was dose-dependently abrogated by BIBP 3226. This indicates that underblockade of α-adrenoceptors endogenous NPY supports the stimulatingeffect of endogenous NE via β-adrenoceptors. These experimentsdemonstrate the ambiguity of NPY, which functions as a cotransmitter of NE inthe nerve-macrophage interplay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 17 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : Dehydroepiandrosterone is a steroid hormone used as an ‘over-the-counter’ drug in the USA. Treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone was effective in randomized controlled trials in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate concentrations are decreased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dehydroepiandrosterone inhibits nuclear factor-κB and the secretion of interleukin-6 and interleukin-12 via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α.Aim : A phase II pilot trial was started to evaluate the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone in active inflammatory bowel disease.Methods : Twenty patients with chronic active inflammatory bowel disease [seven Crohn's disease (Crohn's disease activity index, 242 ± 51; mean ± s.d.); 13 ulcerative colitis (clinical activity index, 7.8 ± 2.1)] took 200 mg dehydroepiandrosterone per day orally for 56 days.Results : Six of the seven patients with Crohn's disease and eight of the 13 patients with ulcerative colitis responded to treatment, with a decrease in the Crohn's disease activity index of 〉 70 points and a decrease in the clinical activity index of 〉 4 points, respectively. Six Crohn's disease patients and six ulcerative colitis patients went into remission (Crohn's disease activity index 〈 150; clinical activity index ≤ 4). No patient withdrew from the study because of side-effects.Conclusions : In a pilot study, dehydroepiandrosterone was effective and safe in patients with refractory Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Adjustment of the dehydroepiandrosterone dosage may further improve the treatment success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : Azathioprine and mercaptopurine are commonly used in chronic active Crohn's disease. They share the disadvantage of a delayed onset of action and potentially serious side-effects, and are metabolized to thioguanine nucleotides which are thought to be the active metabolites. The direct use of 6-thioguanine may offer a more rapid and safer alternative. We conducted an open prospective study to investigate the efficacy and safety of 6-thioguanine in chronic active Crohn's disease.Methods : Thirty-seven patients with chronic active Crohn's disease and a Crohn's disease activity index of 〉 150 were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria were steroid dependence (n = 19), steroid refractoriness (n = 9) and/or intolerance (n = 16) or refractoriness (n = 6) to azathioprine. Patients were treated with 40 mg/day of 6-thioguanine for 24 weeks; a dose escalation to 80 mg was allowed at week 12. Remission was defined as a Crohn's disease activity index of 〈 150 associated with a decrease of 〉 70 points; response was defined as a decrease of 〉 70 points in the Crohn's disease activity index.Results : In the intention-to-treat analysis, 13 of 37 patients achieved remission (35%). Twelve of these 13 patients achieved remission after 4 weeks. Fifty-seven per cent of patients (21/37) achieved a response. The mean Crohn's disease activity index decreased from 284 ± 74 to 153 ± 101. 6-Thioguanine was more effective in azathioprine-intolerant than in azathioprine-refractory patients. Twelve of 16 patients intolerant to azathioprine tolerated 6-thioguanine. Adverse events included phototoxicity, pancreatitis, headache, nausea, alopecia, arthralgia, minor infections and reversible elevation of transaminases. Six patients required discontinuation of medication, two because of leucopenia.Conclusions : In this patient group with chronic active Crohn's disease, 6-thioguanine appeared to be effective with acceptable short-term toxicity, but long-term controlled trials are clearly needed to further define its role.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 14 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Triple therapy including two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor is a rational approach to the treatment of Helicobacter pylori induced peptic ulcer disease. The interaction of antimicrobial therapy and acid suppression is not yet well elucidated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Aims:To investigate the effects of proton pump inhibitors on roxithromycin levels in plasma and gastric tissue under steady-state conditions in volunteers.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods:In two crossover studies omeprazole 20 mg b.d., lansoprazole 30 mg b.d., roxithromycin 300 mg b.d., and the combination of roxithromycin with either omeprazole or lansoprazole were administered to 12 healthy volunteers over 6 days. Blood plasma levels of the drugs were measured. In addition, roxithromycin concentrations were also determined in gastric juice and gastric tissue obtained during endoscopy.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Results:The proton pump inhibitors and roxithromycin did not alter the blood plasma pharmacokinetics of each other. When compared to roxithromycin administered alone, its combination with a proton pump inhibitor significantly increased the roxithromycin concentrations in gastric juice (3.0–5.0 μg/mL vs. 0.3–0.4 μg/mL) and gastric tissue (antrum: 3.8–4.0 vs. 2.8 μg/g, fundus: 5.9–7.4 vs. 4.2–4.4 μg/g).〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusions:Proton pump inhibitors and roxithromycin do not alter the systemic bioavailability of each other. However, proton pump inhibitors increase the local concentration of roxithromycin in the stomach which may contribute to the clinically proven synergic beneficial action in eradication therapy of H. pylori.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Macrophages play a central role in establishing a specific immune response by acting as professional antigen presenting cells (APC) for T cells leading to a vigorous immune response. In order to analyze if Herpes simplex Virus (HSV) type 1 infection might affect the macrophage APC-function, monocyte-derived human macrophages were infected with HSV-1 strain F in vitro. Cocultures with allogeneic T cells revealed a strongly impaired stimulatory capacity of HSV-infected macrophages compared to uninfected controls which was not owing to a productive viral infection in macrophages. An increased expression of Fas ligand (FasL/CD95L) was detected in HSV-infected macrophages by FACS analysis. Although the majority of the macrophages expressed high levels of Fas (CD95/Apo-1), the HSV-induced upregulation of FasL did not result in an increased autocrine apoptosis of macrophages which might be related to endogenous expression of the apoptosis inhibitor FLICE inhibitory protein (FLIP). However, substantial apoptosis occurred in peripheral T cells as well as Fas-sensitive Jurkat T cells when cocultured with HSV-infected macrophages. These findings suggest that the paracrine killing of activated T cells by FasL expressing APC might be a novel strategy of immune evasion by HSV.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 20 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Steroids are still widely used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Pharmacological studies have shown that there is no major abnormality in the pharmacokinetics of steroids in these disorders. Foam preparations with rectal application decrease the bioavailability to low levels, eliminating systemic complications. For oral use, ‘nonsystemic’ steroids have been developed. In ulcerative colitis, steroids are rarely needed as 5-aminosalicylates are effective in the majority of patients. This is true for rectal application in distal colitis, as well as in more extensive disease. In Crohn's disease, steroids are more often used; however, in population-based studies, less than 50% of patients have been treated with steroids, as there are alternative treatments available for the large group of patients with mild to moderate activity. For those patients needing steroid treatment, budesonide seems to be a good choice in active disease, but has not shown convincing effects in the maintenance of remission over longer periods of time. There is no place for long-term steroid treatment in ulcerative colitis and very little in Crohn's disease — immunosuppression with azathioprine or related drugs is certainly the better alternative.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : 6-Thioguanine-nucleotides seem to be the active metabolites of thiopurine therapy, and their monitoring has been considered a useful tool for optimizing response in inflammatory bowel diseases. Tioguanine (thioguanine) therapy results in much higher levels of 6-thioguanine-nucleotide levels when compared with azathioprine or mercaptopurine.Aim : To elucidate the influence of 6-thioguanine-nucleotide and methylated 6-thioguanine-nucleotide levels under tioguanine on efficacy and toxicity in Crohn's disease.Methods : 6-Thioguanine-nucleotide and methylated 6-tioguanine-nucleotide levels were measured regularly in 26 Crohn's disease patients treated with tioguanine. Nucleotide levels were related to efficacy and toxicity.Results : 6-Thioguanine-nucleotide levels rose very high [median 1241 pmol/8 × 108 red blood cells (range 313–1853)]. Methylated 6-thioguanine-nucleotide levels were detected in all patients [491 pmol/8 × 108 red blood cells (154–1775)]. 6-Thioguanine-nucleotide and methylated 6-thioguanine-nucleotide concentrations correlated significantly (r = 0.7, P 〈 0.0001). Nucleotide levels from patients achieving remission (n = 14) did not differ significantly from non-remitters (n = 12) [6-thioguanine-nucleotide: 1077 (599–2160) vs. 1210 (534–4665); methylated 6-thioguanine-nucleotide: 510 (214–1222) vs. 421 (145–1284)]. One patient with intermediate thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity experienced bone marrow toxicity upon dose escalation parallel with excessively high thioguanine-nucleotide levels.Conclusions : 6-Thioguanine-nucleotide as well as methylated 6-thioguanine-nucleotide levels under tioguanine therapy were not related to efficacy. This suggests that monitoring of 6-thioguanine-nucleotide levels is not a useful tool to predict response to thiopurines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and constipation have a major impact on public health; however, the wide variety of treatment options presents difficulties for recommending therapy. Lack of definitive guidelines in pharmacy and general practice medicine further exacerbates the decision dilemma.Aims : To address these issues, a panel of experts discussed the principles and practice of treating GERD and constipation in the general population and in pregnancy, with the aim of developing respective treatment guidelines.Results : The panel recommended antacids ‘on-demand’ as the first-line over-the-counter treatment in reflux, and as rescue medication for immediate relief when reflux breaks through with proton pump inhibitors. Calcium/magnesium-based antacids were recommended as the treatment of choice for pregnant women because of their good safety profile. In constipation, current data do not distinguish a hierarchy between polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based laxatives and other first-line treatments, although limitations are associated with stimulant- and bulk-forming laxatives. Where data are available, PEG is superior to lactulose in terms of efficacy. In pregnancy, PEG-based laxatives meet the criteria for the ideal treatment.Conclusions : The experts developed algorithms that present healthcare professionals with clear treatment options and management strategies for GERD and constipation in pharmacy and general practice medicine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In osteoarthritis (OA), cartilage and bone fragments have been described within the synovial tissue which are surrounded by synovial cells (i.e. detritus synovitis). These cells appear to attach actively to the cartilage and bone fragments. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), on the other hand, synovial fibroblasts (SF) have also been shown to be localized at sites of invasion into cartilage and bone and to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) by secreting proteolytic enzymes. One prerequisite for exerting their aggressive properties is the attachment to cartilage and bone ECM. This attachment appears to be mediated by the expression of different adhesion molecules for which corresponding binding sites on ECM components are known. As it has not been addressed to which ECM proteins SF adhere and with which affinity this process takes place, we investigated the adherence of SF from patients with OA and RA to different cartilage and bone matrix proteins. Synovial tissue samples were obtained during synovectomy or arthroplastic surgery and used for isolating and culturing SF. Synovial cells attaching to cartilage/bone fragments were characterized using immunohistochemistry. The adherence of SF to ECM proteins was examined using an adhesion assay with the following proteins coated on 96-well plates: aggrecan (AGG), bone sialoprotein (BSP), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), collagen type I, II and VI, proline arginine-rich, end leucine-rich repeat protein (PRELP), osteopontin (OPN) and recombinant chondroadherin (CHAD). Bovine serum albumin was used as negative control. In addition, adhering fibroblasts were photographed using a phase-contrast microscope. As compared with RA-SF, significantly higher numbers of OA-SF adhering to collagen type II, OPN and CHAD could be detected (P 〈 0.05). In contrast, RA-SF showed increased attachment to collagen type II, OPN and BSP. Adhesion to AGG, COMP and PRELP appeared not to be significantly increased and differed widely among the SF samples, and, apart from one exception (BSP), OA-SF adhered in higher numbers to the matrix proteins than did RA-SF. Using immunohistochemistry, synovial cells attached to cartilage/bone fragments could be shown to predominantly express CD68 (≥50%). The CD68-negative population was of the fibroblast phenotype (AS02 positive). The study demonstrates that the binding pattern of OA-SF and RA-SF to ECM proteins differs considerably and therefore provides novel insights into the difficult pathophysiology of OA and RA. In general, it appeared that SF adhere primarily to ECM proteins that contain known binding sites for adhesion molecules (e.g. integrins: collagen/integrin α2β1) and that higher numbers of OA-SF adhered to the cartilage and bone matrix proteins than did RA-SF.
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