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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lateral inhibition and habituation of the human auditory cortex (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 19 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The goal of this study was to compare the lateral inhibition and the habituation in the human auditory cortex, two important physiological effects during auditory processing that can be reliably measured by means of magnetoencephalography when recording auditory evoked fields. Applying 40-Hz amplitude-modulated stimuli allowed us to record simultaneously the slow transient evoked and the steady-state fields and thus to characterize the lateral inhibition and the habituation effect in primary and non-primary auditory cortical structures. The main finding of the study is that the lateral inhibition effect of non-primary auditory areas as measured on the major component of the slow transient auditory evoked field (N1) is significantly stronger than the corresponding habituation effect. By contrast, this effect was not observed for the 40-Hz steady-state fields, characterizing the activation of the primary auditory cortex in humans. The results might be interpreted as (i) evidence that the inhibition mediated by lateral connections is stronger than the habituation of excitatory neurons in the non-primary auditory cortex and (ii) the processing hierarchy in the human auditory cortex is demonstrated by the different behaviour of lateral inhibition and habituation in primary and non-primary auditory cortical structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03296.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic visual acuity during linear acceleration along the inter-aural axis (2000)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 257 (2000), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Linear acceleration ; Inter-aural axis ; Visual ; vestibular interaction ; Dynamic visual acuity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated visual-vestibular interactions during linear acceleration along the inter-aural axis. Eighteen healthy volunteers and two patients with central neurological diseases were subjected to transaural linear acceleration in the direction of gravity force (frequency: 0.5–1.5 Hz; amplitude: 5 cm). During linear acceleration, eye movements were recorded under three test conditions: eyes closed (EC), while staring at an imaginary target (IT) and during the testing of dynamic visual acuity (DVA). As parameters of evaluation we used the amplitude of horizontal eye movements, phase shift and the decrease of DVA threshold (DVAT). Under all test conditions, eye amplitude increased with rising stimulus frequency and exceeded, especially in the higher frequency range, a hypothetically calculated eye amplitude for smooth pursuit. The combination of a visual and vestibular input (DVA and IT) led to a better compensation (lower phase shift) than under vestibular stimulation alone (EC). Eye movements during low-frequency stimulation depended more on the visual system while responses in the higher frequency range were mainly triggered by the otolith organ. At 1.5 Hz the compensatory function of the visual-vestibular system was limited (rising phase shift) and DVAT decreased even in a significant number of healthy subjects. Patients with diseases of the central nervous system showed a higher phase shift and thus a stronger decrease of DVAT (two levels) already at a stimulus frequency of 1.25 Hz.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004050050221
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The localization of an imaginary target under the influence of caloric vestibular stimulation in healthy adults (2000)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 257 (2000), S. 473-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Imaginary target ; Visual vestibular ¶interactions ; Caloric testing ; Pointing error
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is well known that fixation of an imaginary target (IT) can influence the vestibulo-ocular reflex, but reports on the effect of peripheral vestibular stimulation on the localization of an IT are still lacking. In a prospective study, errors in pointing towards an IT without and after cold caloric vestibular stimulation (VS) were investigated in 24 right-handed volunteers with the head tilted backwards by 60°. After the stationary target had been extinguished for 120 s each subject had to point towards the target position as remembered in darkness. The vestibular response was recorded by electronystagmography. Without VS 73% of the volunteers showed a systematic horizontal pointing error towards the right side. VS led to an increased horizontal pointing error in the direction of the slow phase of the induced nystagmus and the degree of deviation showed a significant (P = 0.001) positive correlation (r = 0.32) with the amplitude of the calorically induced nystagmus. In summary, an IT is not merely a useful visual stimulus for influencing the vestibulo-ocular reflex during linear and angular acceleration. A peripheral vestibular stimulation is itself able to change the position of an IT significantly and the extent of deviation shows a significant correlation with the amplitude of the evoked nystagmus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004050000269
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Bedeutung des SISI-Tests im Rahmen der Begutachtung von Lärmschwerhörigkeiten (2000)
    Springer
    HNO 48 (2000), S. 922-927 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Lärmschwerhörigkeit ; Begutachtung ; Kochleäre Hörstörung ; Überschwellige Hörprüfung ; Pseudohypakusis ; Keywords Noise deafness ; Expert opinion of noiseinduced hearing loss ; Cochlear hearing disorder ; Supraliminal hearing test ; Pseudohypacusis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background and objective. Proof of cochlear hearing loss is an essential prerequisite for the diagnosis of noise deafness. For this purpose, the Königsteiner instruction leaflet (Königsteiner Merkblatt) recommends among other items the SISI test. Patients/methods. The results of the SISI test at 1 and 4 kHz were analysed for 100 expert opinions of noise (200 ears). Results. 10% of the subjects showed at 1 and 4 kHz a positive and 44% a negative result. At 1 kHz, 46% indicated a negative result and at 4 kHz a positive result. In the group with a negative SISI test at both frequencies, 74% demonstrated characteristics of pseudohypacusis. There was no correlation between a retrocochlear hearing disorder and a negative SISI test. Conclusions. Our analysis demonstrated that the negative SISI test is more often evidence of pseudohypacusis rather than a retrocochlear disorder. Consequently, the validity of a negative SISI test is limited.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Fragestellung. Wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Diagnose einer Lärmschwerhörigkeit ist der Nachweis einer kochleären Hörstörung. Hierzu empfiehlt das “Königsteiner Merkblatt” neben anderen überschwelligen Verfahren insbesondere den SISI-Test. Im Rahmen der Begutachtung fielen unverhältnismäßig viele negative Ergebnisse im SISI-Test auf, ohne dass sich weitere Hinweise auf eine retrokochleäre Hörstörung fanden. Da ein negativer SISI-Test auch Zeichen einer Pseudohypakusis sein kann, haben wir den Zusammenhang zwischen einem negativen Ergebnis im SISI-Test und anderen Zeichen einer Pseudohypakusis im Rahmen der Begutachtung näher untersucht. Patienten/Methodik. Es wurden 100 “Lärmgutachten” (200 Ohren) bezüglich ihrer Ergebnisse im SISI-Test bei 1 und 4 kHz analysiert und anschließend in 4 verschiedene Gruppen (Test bei 1 und 4 kHz positiv bzw. negativ, Test bei 1 kHz positiv und 4 kHz negativ und vice versa) eingeteilt. Jede Gruppe wurde im Hinblick auf Zeichen einer Pseudohypakusis (Diskrepanz zwischen Ton- und Sprachaudiogramm, Typ V im Békésy-Audiogramm) und auf Hinweise auf eine retrokochleäre Hörstörung untersucht. Ergebnisse. 10% der Versicherten lieferten bei beiden Frequenzen ein positives und 44% ein negatives SISI-Testergebnis. Bei 46% der Untersuchten fand sich bei 1 kHz ein negatives und bei 4 kHz ein positives Ergebnis. In der Gruppe mit negativem SISI-Test in beiden Frequenzen zeigten 74% eindeutige Zeichen einer Pseudohypakusis. Bei keinem Versicherten fanden sich jedoch Hinweise auf eine retrokochleäre Hörstörung. Schlussfolgerungen. Unsere Untersuchungen zeigen, dass der negative SISI-Test im Lärmgutachten sehr häufig Zeichen einer Pseudohypakusis und so gut wie nie das einer retrokochleären Hörstörung ist. Somit ist die Aussagekraft dieser Methode bei negativem Testergebnis deutlich eingeschränkt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001060050689
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetosen (2000)
    Springer
    HNO 48 (2000), S. 346-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kinetosen ; Reisekrankheit ; Seekrankheit ; Flugkrankheit ; Space motion sickness ; Intersensorischer Konflikt ; Pseudokinetosen ; Key words Kinetosis ; Pseudo-kinetosis ; Space motion sickness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Motion sickness is a well know nausea and vomiting syndrom whose physical signs occur during travel by sea, automobile, airplane, and space. This review describes current concepts concerning the aetiology, nature and therapy of this common phenomenon. Motion sickness involve a neural mismatch or confusion between the vestibular, visual, and proporioceptive systems. Therapy is directed towards decreasing conflicting sensory input, controlling nausea, and speeding the process of adaptation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Begriff Kinetose bezieht sich auf einen Symptomenkomplex, der durch verschiedene Beschleunigungsreize ausgelöst werden kann, die außerhalb der individuellen Adaptationsschwelle liegen. Es handelt sich also nicht um ein Krankheitsbild sui generis, obgleich die Symptome, die durch See-, Flug und Autoreisen ausgelöst werden, sondern um eine physiologische Reaktion. Grundlage der Kinetose ist ein intersensorischer Konflikt zwischen 2 oder mehreren konkurrierenden Sinneseindrücken. Dieser Konflikt kann sowohl intralabyrinthär, d. h. zwischen den afferenten Signalen der Bogengänge und Otolithen, als auch vestibulovisuell entstehen. In diesem Übersichtsartikel werden detailliert die Entwicklung der Kinetose-Forschung bis zur Gegenwart dargestellt, die verschiedenen Entstehungstheorien erläutert und unterschiedliche therapeutische Ansätze präsentiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001060050579
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ethanol on dynamic visual acuity during vertical body oscillation in healthy volunteers (2000)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 257 (2000), S. 485-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Alcohol ; Dynamic visual acuity ; Vertical linear acceleration ; Maculo-ocular-reflex ; Vertical body-movements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Visual orientation is the most important sensory input during locomotion (e.g. walking, driving a car, riding a bicycle). We investigated dynamic visual acuity (DVA) during vertical body-oscillations (amplitude 5 cm; frequency 1.5 Hz) in 12 healthy subjects before and twice after ethanol consumption. During oscillation, vertical eye movements were recorded under two test conditions: with eyes closed (EC) and during DVA testing. A significant increase in vertical eye-amplitude after ethanol ingestion occurred only during EC tests, as a possible sign of vestibular hyperreaction. During vestibular stimulation alone (EC), ethanol did not affect the phase shift between stimulus and eye movements. However, when the subjects were given an additional visual stimulus (DVA), the post-alcohol phase shift rose significantly. Surprisingly, the post-alcohol phase shift values for the two test conditions showed no significant differences. After ethanol ingestion we found no changes in static visual acuity but a significant loss of DVA. Volunteers with a change of DVA threshold (DVAT) showed significantly (P = 0.004) higher post-alcoholic changes in the phase shift. In summary, low doses of ethanol disturbed the visually guided oculomotor response during fixation of an earth-fixed target while the observer was subject to linear vertical acceleration. This effect led to an increasing delay between the beginning of body and eye movements. The consequence was an increasing phase shift and thus a decrease in DVA during whole-body oscillation which was comparable to movements during human locomotion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004050000260
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