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  • 1
    ISSN: 1090-6487
    Keywords: 52.50.Jm ; 52.25.Jm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new approach for investigation of the generation of fast ions and hot electrons inside the same plasma volume in laser-produced plasmas is proposed. It is based on the spectroscopic observation of line radiation from singly and doubly excited levels with simultaneous high spectral and spatial resolution. The experimental results demonstrate the observation of fast ions from highly charged target material inside the plasma volume and suggest that the generally accepted scaling relations are seriously invalid under certain conditions. Even at rather modest intensities ions with energies of several MeV are observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 30 (1967), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A disruption of the protein metabolism in the dog was brought about by intravenous injection of ethionine; it took the form of a three-phase change in the serumglykogenase activity, and morphological changes in the liver, the exocrine parenchyma of the pancreas and the alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans. In the supraoptico-hypophyseal system, no morphological reactions due to ethionine intoxication were determinable. This result supports the assertions ofOckenfels andWerner (1965) to the effect that such morphological changes in this system as observed in dogs with alloxan diabetes could be attributable to its specific reaction to a disruption of the carbohydrate metabolism. In the small-celled region of the hypothalamus, the pancreatitis produced by ethionine led to changes similiar to those resulting from alloxan diabetes.
    Abstract: Résumé Par l'application intraveineuse d'éthionine, on provoqua chez des chiens une perturbation du métabolisme de la protéine qui s'exprima dans une modification triphasique de l'activité de la glycogénase du sérum, ainsi que dans les modifications morphologiques du foie, du parenchyme pancréatique excrétoire, et des cellules A des îles de Langerhans. L'intoxication d'éthionine n'a montré aucune réaction morphologique dans le système supraoptico-hypophysaire. Ce résultat s'appuie sur les déclarations d'Ockenfels etWerner (1965), d'après lesquelles les modifications morphologiques constatées dans ce système, chez les chiens diabétiques alloxaniques pourraient être une réaction spécifique à une perturbation du métabolisme de l'hydrate de carbone. Dans la région de l'hypothalame à petites cellules, la pancréatite d'éthionine mena à des perturbations semblables à celles du diabète alloxanique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch intravenöse Applikation von Äthionin wurde bei Hunden eine Störung des Eiweißstoffwechsels hervorgerufen, die ihren Ausdruck in einer dreiphasischen Veränderung der Serumglykogenase-Aktivität sowie in morphologischen Veränderungen der Leber, des exkretorischen Pankreasparenchyms und der A-Zellen der Langerhansschen Inseln fand. Im supraoptico-hypophysären System ließen sich keine morphologischen Reaktionen auf die Äthioninintoxikation feststellen. Dieses Ergebnis stützt die Aussagen vonOckenfels undWerner (1965), wonach die bei alloxandiabetischen Hunden beobachteten morphologischen Veränderungen an diesem System eine spezifische Reaktion auf eine Störung des Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels sein könnten. Im Bereich des kleinzelligen Hypothalamus führte die Äthioninpankreatitis zu ähnlichen Veränderungen wie der Alloxandiabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: PACS:25.75.-q Relativistic heavy-ion collisions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstact: The composition of forward-going projectile spectator matter in fixed-target Pb+Pb collisions at 158 A · GeV at the CERN SPS has been studied as a function of centrality. The data were measured with the NA49 veto calorimeter. We observe that forward-going spectator matter in central collisions consists of 9 neutrons, 7 protons, and half a deuteron on average. At large impact parameters most spectator nucleons are bound in fragments. The relative resolution of the average impact parameter derived from the measurement of spectator neutrons is roughly 19% in the range from zero to half maximum impact parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 259 (1998), S. 591-600 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsAcorus calamus ; Mitochondrion ; cox2 ; RNA processing ; RNA editing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acorus calamus, or sweet flag, is a semiaquatic plant of uncertain taxonomic position. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using plastid rbcL sequences have suggested that Acorus calamus might be the most ancient surviving representative of the ancestral monocotyledonous plants. In order to provide molecular and phylogenetic data for the mitochondrial genetic system of Acorus, we have determined the structure of a mitochondrial locus, the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene cox2. The Acorus cox2 gene harbors an unusually small group II intron, the smallest plant mitochondrial intron known to date. The transcript undergoes C-to-U RNA editing at eight sites. One of these sites is likely to play a dual functional role in both intron splicing and protein function. The 3′ end of the mature transcript folds into a characteristic stem-loop structure that is presumably required for mitochondrial mRNA stability. Phylogenetic analysis of the cox2 sequence data, as well as the unusual intron structure, all support an evolutionarily isolated position for Acorus calamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 192 (1967), S. 246-264 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird an Hand von klinischen und tierexperimentell erhobenen Befunden zusammenfassend über das Vorkommen von ein-, mehr- und vielkernigen Riesenzellen im Liquor cerebrospinalis berichtet. Die verschiedensten Formen der Riesenzellen werden dargestellt, in mehrere Gruppen unterteilt und im einzelnen besprochen. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß Riesenzellen (RZ) im Liquor pathologische, jedoch unspezifische Zellen sind, die vermutlich aus dem reticulohistiocytären Gewebe im Bereich der Leptomeninx gebildet werden und bei den verschiedensten, insbesondere jedoch chronischen, unspezifischen und spezifischen Erkrankungen und Begleitreaktionen des Gehirns und Rückenmarks im Liquor auftreten können. Die extrem großen, vielkernigen Riesenzellen vom Langhans-und Fremdkörper-Typ wurden besonders bei der Meningitis tuberculosa beobachtet, tierexperimentell erzeugt und vereinzelt auch bei anderweitigen Erkrankungen des Zentralnervensystems (ZNS) nachgewiesen, die durch körpereigene oder körperfremde Stoffe mitbedingt waren, welche in den Liquorraum gelangten und zu einer erheblichen meningealen Reaktion führten. Weitere Möglichkeiten der Entstehung von RZ werden dabei in Erwägung gezogen. RZ im Liquor cerebrospinalis sind funktionell aktive und biologisch vollwertige Zellen, die etwa mit den mononucleären Makrophagen gleichzusetzen sind. Sie können sowohl corpusculäre als auch kolloidale, körpereigene und körperfremde Stoffe oder Zerfallsprodukte phagocytieren, speichern und infolge ihrer fermentativen Potenzen strukturell umgestalten. Damit stellen die RZ im Liquor cerebrospinalis einen wichtigen Faktor im Abwehrmechanismus des ZNS dar.
    Notes: Summary Clinical data and those from animal experiments on the occurrence in cerebrospinal fluid of giant cells containing one, several, or multiple nuclei are summarized. The various forms of giant cells are described, divided into several groups, and individually discussed. It was found that giant cells of cerebrospinal fluid are pathological, though unspecific cells probably derived from reticulohistiocytic tissue of the leptomeninx, and appearing in various diseases, mainly, however, in chronic, specific as well as unspecific disorders involving primarily or secondarily the brain and spinal cord. The extremely big multinucleate giant cells of the Langhans or foreign body type were predominantly observed in tuberculous meningitis. They could also be produced experimentally in animals and were found occasionally in other pathological states of the central nervous system in which endogenous or exogenous agents were participating by reaching the cerebrospinal fluid spaces and causing marked meningeal reactions. Additional mechanisms inducing the formation of giant cells are taken into consideration. Giant cells of cerebrospinal fluid are functionally active and biologically viable cells roughly equivalent to mononuclear macrophages. They are able to incorporate, store and, by virtue of their enzymes, structurally alter corpuscular and colloidal material or degradation products of endogenous or exogenous origin. The giant cells thus play an important part in the defense mechanisms of the central nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Gynäkologe 32 (1999), S. 915-918 
    ISSN: 1433-0393
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Arztstrafrecht • Sorgfaltspflichtverletzung • Patientenaufklärung • Risk-Management • Strafverteidigung ; Key words Criminal law on medical practice • Breach ¶of duty of due care • Patient information • Risk management, Defence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Defects in treatment, patient information and organization can lead to responsibility under criminal law in addition to civil liability. This turns mainly on the facts of negligent bodily injury and negligent homicide. It is estimated that about 2500–3000 investigations against doctors are started by the director of public prosecutions every year in Germany. These can result in penal law proceedings at the end of which the persons concerned are sentenced. This cannot be avoided unless an adequate defence is started as soon as the accusation becomes known. The aim of the defence has to be to get the investigation stopped as soon as possible and to at least avoid a public trial. A particular feature is that working in the medical profession can in itself lead to responsibility under criminal law. This is a risk practitioners must be aware of. In general, forensic risks are required to be kept to a minimum. Appropriate risk management also contributes to this end. This implies appropriate behaviour in the case of any incidents arising in connection with treatment and/or when the director of public prosecutions starts an investigation. An effective defence is only possible against this backdrop.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Behandlungs-, Aufklärungs- und Organisationsfehler können – neben zivilrechtlicher Haftung – auch zu strafrechtlicher Verantwortlichkeit führen. Vornehmlich geht es um die Tatbestände der fahrlässigen Körperverletzung und fahrlässigen Tötung. Nach Schätzungen werden in Deutschland pro Jahr etwa 2.500 bis 3.000 neue staatsanwaltschaftliche Ermittlungsverfahren gegen Ärztinnen und Ärzte eingeleitet. Daraus können strafgerichtliche Hauptverhandlungen mit Verurteilung der Betroffenen resultieren. Dies zu vermeiden, setzt voraus, daß sofort nach Bekanntwerden des Vorwurfs eine adäquate Verteidigung einsetzt. Deren Ziel muß sein, das Ermittlungsverfahren möglichst frühzeitig zur Einstellung zu führen und jedenfalls die Durchführung einer öffentlichen Hauptverhandlung zu vermeiden. Es stellt eine Besonderheit dar, daßärztliche Berufsausübung ohne weiteres zu strafrechtlicher Verantwortlichkeit führen kann. Dieses Risiko muß bewußt sein. Allgemein ist erforderlich, forensische Risiken zu minimieren. Dem dient auch adäquates Risk-Management. Dies impliziert ein adäquates Verhalten im Zusammenhang mit dem Auftreten von Behandlungszwischenfällen bzw. wenn ein staatsanwaltschaftliches Ermittlungsverfahren eingeleitet wird. Nur auf dieser Grundlage kann eine effektive Strafverteidigung erfolgen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 1325-1330 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: heavy ions ; high energy density ; high-energy laser ; intertial confinement fusion energy ; plasma physics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The energy loss of heavy ions in matter is completely different from the case of laser beams. Whereas laser radiation produces a plasma on the surface of the target and heats the volume mostly by shock waves, heavy ions penetrate deep into the target with an almost-constant energy loss in the beginning and a very high energy loss at the end of the range, the so called “Bragg peak.” This special behavior offers excellent possibilities for the examination of critical points of different materials, the measurement of benchmarks for equations of state, production and detection of X-rays and XUV radiation, investigations in physics of overdense plasma, and many more topics. In particular, heavy ion beams are considered to be a very efficient driver for an inertial confinement fusion power plant. Thus, research on the elementary processes of the energy deposition of heavy ions in matter with respect to inertial fusion energy is of primary interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Correlations between protons are studied in the target fragmentation region of reactions of protons and16O with C, Cu, Ag, Au and of32S with Al and Au at 200A GeV. The emitted protons were measured with the Plastic Ball detector in the WA80 experiment at the CERN SPS. The comparison of the correlation function with calculations, assuming a spherical, gaussian shaped source with a lifetime τ=0 fm/c, allows the extraction of radius parameters. The values are very close to those expected from the geometry of the target nuclei and increase with the target mass as αA Target 1/3 . Even in proton induced reactions the whole target nucleus is involved. The dependence of the radii on centrality, polar angleθ lab, and energy, and their relation to measured proton yields are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results of a pion interferometry analysis are presented for the reactions S+C, S+S, S+Cu, S+Ag, S+Au and O+Au at 200 GeV per nucleon. Correlation functions were measured for pairs of negative pions in narrow windows of transverse momentum and rapidity, as a function of the three components of the momentum difference vector in cylindrical coordinates. The measured two-pion correlation functions suggest a space-time evolution of the system which proceeds in the following way for central nucleus-nucleus collisions. After interpenetration of the incident nuclei, the pion source expands in a boost invariant way along the collision axis. Estimates for the proper time interval between the onset of expansion and pion decoupling, as well as for the duration of pion emission are ∼ 4 fm/c and 〈2 fm/c, respectively. Thek T dependence observed forR S is consistent with the effect of resonance decays, alone or combined with slow transverse expansion. A linear dependence of the decoupling volume on the multiplicity is observed and indicates pion decoupling at a constant particle density. Presently available model predictions are briefly discussed
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 30 (1998), S. 293-299 
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is generated by some types of cells as a membrane-permeant, short-acting paracrine signal. Its effects include activation of ion channels as well as formation of cGMP in the NO-generating and/or neighbouring cells. We have explored the possible involvement of NO in taste transduction by searching for NO synthase with histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. In taste buds of the rat vallate and foliate papilla, we found NADPH-diaphorase activity under stringent conditions that suppress the reactions of non-NO synthase enzymes. Furthermore, an antibody against neuronal NO synthase (NOS-I) labelled the basal and apical parts of taste cells, while an antibody against endothelial NO synthase (NOS-III) labelled taste buds and lingual epithelium more uniformly. The inducible macrophage enzyme NOS-II did not show immunoreactivity in taste buds. The results provide a first suggestion that NO may play a role in taste transduction. © 1998 Chapman & Hall
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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