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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mediastinal histoplasmosis presenting with esophageal involvement and dysphagia: Case study (1995)
    Springer
    Dysphagia 10 (1995), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0460
    Keywords: Histoplasmosis ; Granulomatous diseases ; Necrotizing granulomas ; Esophageal stricture ; Esophagitis ; Dysphagia ; Deglutition ; Deglutition disorders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Esophageal involvement with histoplasmosis is uncommon, but has been recognized in two clinical settings. Most commonly, the esophagus becomes involved as a result of contiguous mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Such patients usually present with dysphagia secondary to midesophageal compression or stricture. The esophagus can also be involved in cases of disseminated histoplasmosis. Esophageal ulcers or nodular lesions are the usual clinical manifestations in this setting. We report a case of mediastinal histoplasmosis with esophageal narrowing and mucosal ulceration that presented with dysphagia. The diagnosis was established at thoracotomy by the histologic finding of necrotizing granulomas and a positive fungal stain. The case was successfully treated with amphotericin B. The literature on esophageal and gastrointestinal histoplasmosis is reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261282
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Evolution Modeled as a Fractal Renewal Point Process in Agreement with the Dispersion of Substitutions in Mammalian Genes (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 47 (1998), S. 551-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Overdispersion — Episodic evolution — Fractal renewal process — Nonlinear — Chaos — Neutral theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. A fractal renewal point process (FRPP) is used to model molecular evolution in agreement with the relationship between the variance and the mean numbers of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions in mammals. Like other episodic models such as the doubly stochastic Poisson process, this model accounts for the large variances observed in amino acid substitution rates, but unlike certain other episodic models, it also accounts for the increase in the index of dispersion with the mean number of substitutions in Ohta's (1995) data. We find that this correlation is significant for nonsynonymous substitutions at the 1% level and for synonymous substitutions at the 10% level, even after removing lineage effects and when using Bulmer's (1989) unbiased estimator of the index of dispersion. This model is simpler than most other overdispersed models of evolution in the sense that it is fully specified by a single interevent probability distribution. Interpretations in terms of chaotic dynamics and in terms of chance and selection are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006411
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conversion of energy in halobacteria: ATP synthesis and phototaxis (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 166 (1996), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Archaea ; Halobacteria ; Energy ; transduction ; Retinal protein ; Proton gradient ; Nitrate ; reductase ; ATPase ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Halobacteria are aerobic chemo-organotroph archaea that grow optimally between pH 8 and 9 using a wide range of carbon sources. These archaea have developed alternative processes of energy provision for conditions of high cell densities and the reduced solubility of molecular oxygen in concentrated brines. The halobacteria can switch to anaerobic metabolism by using an alternative final acceptor in the respiratory chain or by fermentation, or alternatively, they can employ photophosphorylation. Light energy is converted by several retinal-containing membrane proteins that, in addition to generating a proton gradient across the cell membrane, also make phototaxis possible in order to approach optimal light conditions. The structural and functional features of ATP synthesis in archaea are discussed, and similarities to F-ATPases (functional aspects) or vacuolar ATPases (structural aspects) are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050349
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The introduction of newborn screening for phenylketonuria (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. S4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00014247
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Vivo Cleavability of a Disulfide-Based Chimeric Opioid Peptide in Rat Brain (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Bioconjugate chemistry 6 (1995), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4812
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc00032a009
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain Microvascular and Astrocyte Localization of P-Glycoprotein (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 68 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The hypothesis that P-glycoprotein plays a functional role at the brain capillary endothelium, which makes up the blood-brain barrier in vivo, is based largely on immunocytochemical studies showing immunoreactive P-glycoprotein localized to either isolated brain microvessels or microvessels within tissue sections. The present studies use the MRK16 monoclonal antibody to human P-glycoprotein to demonstrate that the pattern of immunolocalization of P-glycoprotein in microvessels of human or primate brain is similar to the pattern of immunolocalization of an astrocyte protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein. In contrast, the discontinuous staining pattern of MRK16 is not colocalized with the continuous immunostaining of the brain endothelial GLUT1 glucose transporter. The MRK16 antibody was radiolabeled with [125I]-iodine, and 125I-MRK16 avidly bound isolated human brain capillaries via a saturable mechanism. However, the 125I-MRK16 antibody was not taken up by primate brain capillaries in vivo following intravenous injection. In conclusion, these studies provide evidence that P-glycoprotein does not play a functional role at the luminal membrane of the brain capillary endothelium in vivo, and that a principal site of immunoreactive P-glycoprotein in brain microvasculature is localized to astrocyte foot processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68031278.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Marijuana use and treatment outcome among opioid-dependent patients (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing Limited
    Addiction 93 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims. Information concerning the association between marijuana use and opioid dependence and its treatment is needed to determine effective clinical guidelines for addressing marijuana use among opioid abusers . Setting and participants. Marijuana use was assessed in 107 people enrolled in treatment for opioid dependence . Design and measurement. Univariate comparisons of marijuana users and non-users and multivariate regression analyses were performed to examine associations between marijuana use and socio-demographic, psychosocial, medical and substance-use variables. The relationship between marijuana use and treatment outcome was also explored in a subset of this sample who received treatment that included buprenorphine detoxification and behavior therapy (N = 79 ). Findings. Sixty-six per cent of participants were current marijuana users and almost all (94%) continued to use during treatment. Users were less likely to be married than non-users, and more likely to report financial difficulties, be involved in drug dealing and engage in sharing of needles ( p 0.05). A unique effect of marijuana use on drug dealing and sharing needles was retained after statistically controlling for the influence of heroin and alcohol use and other socio-demographic variables. No significant adverse relations were observed between marijuana use and treatment outcome. Conclusion. Pending a more comprehensive understanding of the function and consequences of marijuana use on psychosocial functioning, it appears that progress in treatment for opioid dependence can be made without mandating that patients abstain from marijuana use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9344935.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstinence and price effects on demand for cigarettes: a behavioral-economic analysis (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, Taylor & Francis Ltd.
    Addiction 94 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims. To examine the separate and combined effects of cigarette pricing and cigarette abstinence on smoking. Design. Within-subject design in which participants experienced all levels of price and abstinence conditions. Setting. Laboratory conditions. Participants. Nine human cigarette smokers. Intervention. Cigarette prices were manipulated across a 60-fold range (US$0.02-$1.20) in separate abstinent (5+ hours of non-smoking) and non-abstinent conditions. Participants earned money by pulling a response plunger (US$0.10 per 100 pulls) and could either keep the money or spend it on cigarette puffs. Measurements. Total response output, cigarette consumption, price elasticity of demand and spending patterns. Findings. Participants spent their earnings on cigarette puffs more quickly when abstinent than when they had smoked ad libitum before the session, and latency to spend money on puffs was a linear increasing function of price. Effects of abstinence on rates of smoking were a function of the price at which cigarette puffs could be purchased. At low prices participants smoked more puffs per session when abstinent, but this difference was negligible at high puff prices. Abstinence and non-abstinence effects were temporary, and tended to wane in the second 90 minutes of the sessions. During the first half of the sessions, demand for cigarettes was more inelastic during the abstinent condition than the non-abstinent condition, indicating relative insensitivity to price increases when abstinent. Conclusions. Behavioral-economic procedures and measures are sensitive to cigarette-abstinence manipulations and the laboratory methods employed here may prove beneficial in evaluating the probable effects of public-policy initiatives designed to reduce cigarette use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94457712.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shortened time horizons and insensitivity to future consequences in heroin addicts (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing Limited
    Addiction 93 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims. To investigate whether heroin addicts demonstrate shortened time horizons and decreased sensitivity to future consequences of their behavior compared to non-drug users . Design Setting and Participants. Thirty-four heroin addicts enrolled in a buprenorphine treatment clinic and 59 non-drug-using controls completed a personality questionnaire and two laboratory tasks . Measurements. The Stanford Time Perception Inventory (STPI) personality questionnaire assessed orientation to the future, and the Future Time Perspective (FTP) task elicited predictions of the timing and ordering of future events. The Bechara card task measured preferences for decks of cards that range in magnitude and probability of delayed and immediate rewards and punishers . Findings. Heroin addicts scored significantly lower than controls on the STPI scale indicative of future orientation. In the FTP, heroin addicts were less likely to predict events far into the future and less likely to systematically organize events in the future. In the card task, heroin addicts were less likely to win money than controls. They were more likely to play from a deck that contained greater immediate gains but that resulted in large, delayed punishers and overall net losses. They also made fewer selections from a deck that provided an overall net gain via relatively low immediate rewards and frequent small punishments . Conclusions. Shortened time horizons and decreased sensitivity to delayed consequences may explain drug abusers' persistent use of drugs, despite the long-term negative consequences associated with drug use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9357298.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polydrug abuse in heroin addicts: a behavioral economic analysis (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing Limited
    Addiction 93 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: A bstract A im . To assess how price and income affect hypothetical drug-purchasing decisions of polydrug abusers undergoing treatment for heroin addiction . Participants, design and setting. Forty subjects participated in experiments in which they hypothetically "purchased" drugs as price or income varied . Intervention. Experiment 1 examined effects of heroin price on purchases of heroin, valium, cocaine, marijuana and alcohol. Experiment 2 examined the effects of both heroin and valium prices on purchases of these drugs. In both these experiments, income remained constant. Experiment 3 examined the effects of increasing income on drug choices, with drug prices constant . Findings. As price of heroin rose in Experiment 1, heroin purchases decreased. Reductions in heroin purchases were proportionally less than price increases, demonstrating inelastic demand for heroin. Valium and cocaine purchases increased as heroin price rose, and cross-price elasticity coefficients indicated that these drugs substituted for heroin. In Experiment 2, demand for both heroin and valium was inelastic. Valium substituted for heroin, but heroin purchases were independent of valium prices, suggesting an asymmetrical substitution effect. Marijuana and alcohol purchases were independent of valium price, but both these drugs substituted for heroin. In Experiment 3 demand for heroin and cocaine was income elastic, with purchases rising in greater proportion than income. Marijuana, alcohol and valium purchases did not vary with income, demonstrating that demand for these drugs was income inelastic. Hypothetical choices were reliable both between and within subjects. Moreover, drug choices in this hypothetical situation were correlated with urinalysis results, demonstrating initial validity of this methodology . C onclusions. This methodology may be useful for understanding the phenomenon of polydrug abuse .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9333212.x
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