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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of moderate exercise on postprandial glucose homeostasis in NIDDM patients (1997)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 40 (1997), S. 447-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Insulin sensitivity ; physical activity ; insulin ; C-peptide ; non-esterified fatty acids; glycerol ; glucose turnover.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of exercise on glycaemia in the post-prandial state was studied for the first time in non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients. Meal-induced glucose responses were followed for 8 h in 9 diet-treated patients with NIDDM. Subjects consumed a standardized breakfast and 4 h later a standardized lunch. They were studied in the resting state (control day (CD)) and on another day 45 min of bicycle exercise (53 ± 2 % V˙O 2 max (mean ± SEM)) was performed 45 min after breakfast (exercise day (ED)). On day 3 (diet day (DD)), the breakfast meal was reduced corresponding to the extra energy expenditure during the exercise period on ED. Responses were calculated as areas under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) during 4 h after either breakfast (B-AUC) or lunch (L-AUC). B-AUC for glucose was identical on ED (215 ± 63 mmol/l · 240 min) and DD (219 ± 60 mmol/l · 240 min) and on these days lower (p 〈 0.05) than on CD (453 ± 78 mmol/l · 240 min). L-AUC for glucose on CD, ED and DD did not differ significantly. B-AUCs for both insulin and C-peptide were also significantly lower on ED and DD as compared to CD (Insulin: 31337 ± 8682, 26092 ± 6457 and 47649 ± 15046 mmol/l · 240 min, respectively. C-peptide: 99 ± 19, 104 ± 26 and 195 ± 31 pmol/ml · 240 min, respectively). Rate of appearance (Ra) for glucose was unaffected by exercise whereas rate of disappearance (Rd) increased significantly. No differences in Ra or Rd were observed after lunch. In conclusion, postprandial exercise of moderate intensity decreases glycaemia and plasma insulin levels after breakfast in NIDDM patients, but this effect does not persist during and after the following lunch meal. Reduction of breakfast caloric intake has the same effect on postprandial glycaemia and insulin secretion as an equivalent exercise-induced increase in caloric expenditure. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 447–453]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050699
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of intense exercise on postprandial glucose homeostasis in Type II diabetic patients (1999)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 42 (1999), S. 1282-1292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Insulin sensitivity; physical activity; insulin; free fatty acids; glucose turnover.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. The influence of postprandial high intensity exercise on glycaemia was studied in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus. Methods. Patients who were treated by diet only (n = 8) ate a standardised breakfast and 4 h later a standardised lunch. They were studied in the resting state (control day) and on another day (exercise day) when they did intermittent exercised at high intensity after breakfast) (4 bouts including 3 min at 56.5 ± 3.9 % V˙.O2 max (means ± SEM), 4 min at 98.3 ± 5.1 % V˙.O2 max and 6 min of rest). Responses were calculated as areas under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) during 4 h after either breakfast or lunch. Results. Breakfast-AUCs for glucose, insulin and C peptide were lower (p 〈 0.05) on the exercise day compared with the control day (glucose: 538 ± 94 vs 733 ± 64 mmol · l–1· 240 min; insulin: 16 ± 4 vs 22 ± 3 pmol · ml–1· 240 min; C peptide: 143 ± 22 vs 203 ± 29 pmol · ml–1· 240 min). After breakfast glucose appearance was unaffected by exercise, whereas disappearance and clearance increased (p 〈 0.05). Muscle glycogen was diminished by exercise (p 〈 0.05). After lunch no differences were observed between experiments. Exercise-induced reductions in glucose, insulin and C peptide responses were similar (p 〉 0.05) in this study of intermittent, high intensity exercise and in a previous study of isocaloric but prolonged moderate (45 min at 53 ± 2 % V˙.O2 max) postprandial exercise. Conclusion/interpretation. Postprandial high intensity exercise does not deteriorate glucose homeostasis but reduces both glucose concentrations and insulin secretion. The effect of exercise is related to energy expenditure rather than to peak exercise intensity. Finally, postprandial exercise does not influence glucose homeostasis during a subsequent main meal. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 1282–1292]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051440
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lactate production and clearance in exercise. Effects of training. A mini-review (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 8 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Lactate accumulates if pyruvate formation exceeds pyruvate oxidation. Accelerated glycogenolysis is essential for lactate production. Glycogen and epinephrine enhance glycogen phosphorylase activity and this is higher in type II b than in type I fibers. Pyruvate oxidation is enhanced by exercise- induced increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and is relatively impaired by low oxygen availability and low mitochondrial oxidative capacity. During exercise lactate is eliminated in liver, heart, and resting and working muscle. In muscle, elimination depends on plasma concentration, fiber type, and fiber conditions. Due to influence on hormonal response, mitochondrial oxidative capacity and fiber recruitment, training diminishes glycogenolysis and lactate production. Training also increases lactate clearance. This reflects increased hepatic capacity for gluconeogenesis as well as increased lactate transport capacity and oxidative capacity and reduced glycogenolysis in muscle. The fact that endurance performance can be predicted from the plasma lactate versus exercise intensity relationship illustrates that the plasma lactate level is a finely balanced result of the interplay between many factors of importance for endurance exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00181.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased Bone Mineral Density after Prolonged Electrically Induced Cycle Training of Paralyzed Limbs in Spinal Cord Injured Man (1997)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 61 (1997), S. 22 -25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Spinal cord injury — Electric stimulation therapy — Bone density — Fractures — Exercise training.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals have a substantial loss of bone mass in the lower limbs, equaling approximately 50% of normal values in the proximal tibia, and this has been associated with a high incidence of low impact fractures. To evaluate if this inactivity-associated condition in the SCI population can be reversed with prolonged physical training, ten SCI individuals [ages 35.3 ± 2.3 years (mean ± standard error [SE]); post injury time: 12.5 ± 2.7 years, range 2–24 years; level of lesion: C6–Th4; weight: 78 ± 3.8 kg] performed 12 months of Functional Electrical Stimulated (FES) upright cycling for 30 min per day, 3 days per week, followed by six months with only one weekly training session. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined before training and 12 and 18 months later. BMD was measured in the lumbar spine, the femoral neck, and the proximal tibia by dual energy absorptiometry (DEXA, Nordland XR 26 MK1). Before training, BMD was in the proximal tibia (52%), as well as in the femoral neck, lower in SCI subjects than in controls of same age (P 〈 0.05). BMD of the lumbar spine did not differ between groups (P 〉 0.05). After 12 months of training, the BMD of the proximal tibia had increased 10%, from 0.49 ± 0.04 to 0.54 ± 0.04 g/cm2 (P 〈 0.05). After a further 6 months with reduced training, the BMD in the proximal tibia no longer differed from the BMD before training (P 〉 0.05). No changes were observed in the lumbar spine or in the femoral neck in response to FES cycle training. It is concluded that in SCI, the loss of bone mass in the proximal tibia can be partially reversed by regular long-term FES cycle exercise. However, one exercise session per week is insufficient to maintain this increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900286
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Myosin heavy chain isoform transformation in single fibres from m. vastus lateralis in spinal cord injured individuals: effects of long-term functional electrical stimulation (FES) (1996)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 431 (1996), S. 513-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Electrical stimulation ; Functional electrical stimulation ; Human ; Myosin heavy chain isoforms ; SDS-PAGE ; Single fibre analysis ; Spinal cord injury ; Training
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of single fibres from m. vastus lateralis of five spinal- cord-injured (SCI) individuals was analysed by Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) before, and after 6 and 12 months of functional electrical stimulation (FES)-training, administrated for 30 min three times per week. Prior to FES training 37.2% of the fibres contained only MHC IIB, 21.2% only MHC IIA, and 40.7% co-expressed MHC IIA and MHC IIB. After 6 months of FES-training the number of fibres containing only MHC IIB was reduced to 2.6% (P 〈 0.05), the number of fibres containing only MHC IIA was increased to 44.3% (P 〈 0.05), and the number of fibres co-expressing MHC IIA and MHC IIB was 50.9% (ns). After 12 months almost all fibres (91.2%, P 〈 0.05) contained only MHC IIA. The number of fibres containing only MHC IIB was 2.3% and the fibres co-expressing MHC IIA and IIB had decreased to 4.6% (P 〈 0.05). The amount of fibres containing only MHC I never exceeded 0.5%. Likewise, the number of fibres co-expressing MHC I and MHC IIA was below 2% throughout the study period. In total, the MHC composition of 1596 single fibres was determined. This study shows that FES-training of paralysed human skeletal muscle administrated over a prolonged period of time, can lead to a marked switch in MHC expression from about equal amounts of MHC IIA and MHC IIB to an almost total dominance of MHC IIA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004240050029
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Myosin heavy chain isoform transformation in single fibres from m. vastus lateralis in spinal cord injured individuals: Effects of long-term functional electrical stimulation (FES) (1996)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 431 (1996), S. 513-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Electrical stimulation ; Functional electrical stimulation ; Human ; Myosin heavy chain isoforms ; SDS-PAGE ; Single fibre analysis ; Spinal cord injury ; Training
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of single fibres from m. vastus lateralis of five spinal-cord-injured (SCI) individuals was analysed by Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) before, and after 6 and 12 months of functional electrical stimulation (FES)-training, administrated for 30 min three times per week. Prior to FES training 37.2% of the fibres contained only MHC HB, 21.2% only MHC IIA, and 40.7% co-expressed MHC IIA and MHC IIB. After 6 months of FES-training the number of fibres containing only MHC IIB was reduced to 2.6% (P 〈 0.05), the number of fibres containing only MHC IIA was increased to 44.3 (P 〈 0.05), and the number of fibres co-expressing MHC IIA and MHC HB was 50.9% (ns). After 12 months almost all fibres (91.2%,P 〈 0.05) contained only MHC IIA. The number of fibres containing only MHC IIB was 2.3 % and the fibres co-expressing MHC HA and HB had decreased to 4.6% (P 〈 0.05). The amount of fibres containing only MHC I never exceeded 0.5%. Likewise, the number of fibres co-expressing MHC I and MHC IIA was below 2% throughout the study period. In total, the MHC composition of 1596 single fibres was determined. This study shows that FES-training of paralysed human skeletal muscle administrated over a prolonged period of time, can lead to a marked switch in MHC expression from about equal amounts of MHC HA and MHC HB to an almost total dominance of MHC HA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02191897
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paradoxical inhibition of insulin secretion by glucose in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients (1995)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 32 (1995), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes ; Hyperglycaemic clamp ; paradoxical beta-cell response ; insulin secretion ; C-peptide secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In young healthy individuals, an i.v. glucose bolus leads to an immediate increase in plasma insulin, whereas in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients this early response is diminished, lacking or even negative. In the present study, we sought to determine whether negative responses were also present during square-wave glucose stimulation (transition from 18 to 25 mM), whether they represented a decrease in beta-cell secretion, whether they were accompanied by an altered response to arginine (5 gl-arginine bolus), and whether they were a consequence of ageing rather than of diabetes. A group of 12 patients (aged 53±2 years, mean±SE) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (D) and 12 matched healthy controls (C; aged 47±1 years) were evaluated twice at an interval of 3 months. Other baseline values were body mass index (BMI) 28±1 (D) and 26±1 (C) kg/m2, fasting C-peptide 0.85±0.12 (D) and 0.92±0.10(C) nmol/l, and fasting P-glucose 12.3±0.9 (D) and 5.8±0.1 (C) mM,P〈0.05. Paradoxical responses (a decrease of two or more times the SD of the analysis within 15 min of increasing the glucose concentration) were seen in five diabetic patients for insulin (22±8%) and in nine diabetic patients for C-peptide (13±3%), but never in the healthy controls. Plasma glucose increased and protein decreased similarly, whether the responses were paradoxical or not. Paradoxial responses were reproduced after three months. Responses to arginine did not correlate with responses to glucose. In summary, in contrast to healthy matched controls, 40–75% of non-insulin-dependent diabetics show a marked initial decrease in beta-cell secretion upon square-wave glucose stimulation. This is probably specific to glucose stimulation, as it did not occur in response to arginine stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00581036
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatostatin attenuates the hyperthermia induced increase in neutrophil concentration (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 77 (1997), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Hyperthermia ; Hormones ; Growth hormone ; Immunology ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the immune changes seen during in vivo whole body hyperthermia are mediated by elevations in the plasma concentrations of either catecholamines, growth hormone or β-endorphins. Eight healthy volunteers were immersed in a hot water bath (WI; water temperature 39.5°C) for 2 h during which their rectal temperature rose to 39.5°C. In a single blind, randomized, cross-over study the stress hormone effects were blocked one at a time by administration of propranolol, somatostatin or naloxone; the results were compared to those obtained during saline infusion (control). Blood samples were collected before, at the end of 2 h of WI (body temperature 39.5°C), and 2 h later. Hormone blockade did not abolish the hyperthermia-induced recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells to the blood, and no influence was observed on the percentages or concentrations of any other subpopulations of blood mononuclear cells, except that the number of cluster designation (CD)3+ cells slightly increased after hyperthermia only in the propranolol experiment. Furthermore, the NK cell activity, both unstimulated and interferon-α or interleukin-2 stimulated, did not differ from the control situation. It is of interest, however, that somatostatin partly abolished the hyperthermia induced increase in the neutrophil number. Based on these data and previous results showing that growth hormone infusion increases the concentration of neutrophils in the blood, it is suggested that growth hormone is at least partly responsible for hyperthermia induced neutrocytosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050313
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of elevated plasma noradrenaline concentration on the immune system in humans (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 79 (1998), S. 93-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Keywords Exercise ; Noradrenaline ; Natural killer cells ; Lymphocytes ; Neutrophils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to test the hypothesis that elevated plasma noradrenaline concentrations contribute to the exercise-induced modulation of the activity and percentage of the natural killer (NK) cells, and the leucocyte concentration. In a single blind, controlled, cross-over study, eight healthy men had noradrenaline infused for 1 h and achieved plasma noradrenaline concentrations comparable (20-fold increment) to those previously observed in cycle ergometer exercise (75% of maximal oxygen uptake for 1 h). The noradrenaline infusion increased the unstimulated, the interleukin-2 and interferon-α stimulated NK cell activity, and the percentage of CD16+ cells. The natural lytic activity per CD16+ cell however, did not change. The concentration of neutrophils, lymphocytes and CD16+ cells increased during the infusion. The neutrophil concentration remained elevated 2 h after infusion, at which time the lymphocyte count was back to normal. These results are comparable with the effects in the exercise model, and it is suggested that the augmented plasma noradrenaline concentrations, seen during extreme exercise, may participate in the exercise-induced immune changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050479
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