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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pancreatic islet autotransplantation combined with total pancreatectomy for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis – the Leicester experience (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 77 (1999), S. 130-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Islet autotransplantation ; Pancreatitis ; C-peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Islet autotransplantation offers the potential for preventing the surgically induced diabetes that is an inevitable consequence of total pancreatectomy. This paper describes the first islet autotransplant programme in the United Kingdom and the first series in the world to use the spleen as a site for the islet graft. Over an 11 month period, 7 patients underwent total pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis combined with a simultaneous islet autotransplant. All 7 patients had normal glucose-tolerance levels and normal C-peptide levels pre-operatively. In 6 patients, islets were embolized into the liver via the portal vein (median transplanted volume=8.5 ml). In addition, 3 patients received islets into the splenic sinusoids via a short gastric vein (median transplanted volume=4 ml). One patient received islets into the spleen alone. One patient died of a stroke 4 weeks post transplantation. Two patients have achieved insulin independence, with a further two patients achieving ”transient” insulin independence (〈1 month). The remaining 2 patients, although requiring reduced insulin doses, have not achieved insulin-independence. However, all patients have C-peptide levels within the normal range. In trying to explain these findings, split proinsulin levels were measured and found to be elevated. High levels of split proinsulin cross react with the C-peptide assay and this would explain the falsely elevated C-peptide levels. Indeed insulin levels in these patients were all below the normal range. These findings would suggest that the use of C-peptide levels as the ”gold standard” for monitoring islet autograft function, may require reappraisal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001090050320
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution, size and number of axons in the optic pathway of ground squirrels (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 118 (1998), S. 93-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Retinal ganglion cell ; Optic fiber layer ; Optic nerve ; Optic tract ; Decussation pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The present study has examined the distribution of axons of differing sizes in the optic pathway of the ground squirrel. Axon diameters were measured from electron micrographs at various locations across sections of the optic nerve and tract, and total distributions and numbers were estimated. In both the nerve and tract, roughly 1.2 million optic axons were present. The population of optic axons had a unimodal size distribution, peaking at 0.9 μm in diameter and having an extended tail toward larger diameters. Local axon diameter distributions in the optic tract indicated distinct (though partially overlapping) axon diameter classes, including one of fine sizes peaking at 0.8–0.9 μm, a second of medium sizes peaking around 1.7–1.8 μm, and a third composed of the larger fibers with diameters up to 4.8 μm. The fine-caliber axons were found at all locations in the tract, and were the only axons present immediately adjacent to the pia, while the medium- and coarse-caliber axons were found at deeper locations. Curiously, the larger axons were found primarily in the medial parts of the tract, where axons from the dorsal retina normally course. A similarly restricted distribution of the larger axons was observed in the dorsotemporal parts of the optic nerve, suggesting that this difference in the tract may relate to an asymmetric distribution of ganglion cells on the retina giving rise to these axons. Measurements of axonal size taken within the optic fiber layer in dorsal and ventral parts of the retina confirmed this asymmetry, consistent with previous demonstrations of soma size differences in the dorsal versus ventral retina. The partial segregation of axons by size in the optic tract of the ground squirrel then reflects both the asymmetric distribution of retinal ganglion cell classes and the chronotopic reordering of optic axons that occurs within the chiasmatic region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050258
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of a Bovine Thrombin–Hirudin51−65 Complex Determined by a Combination of Molecular Replacement and Graphics. Incorporation of Known Structural Information in Molecular Replacement (1996)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 52 (1996), S. 453-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Crystals of the bovine thrombin-hirudins51–65 complex have space group P6122 with cell constants a = 116.4, and c = 200.6 Å and two thrombin molecules in the asymmetric unit. Only one thrombin molecule could be located by generalized molecular replacement; the second was fit visually as a rigid body to an improved electron-density difference map. The structure was refined to R = 0.192 with two B values per residue (main chain and side chain) at 3.2 Å. The polar interactions of the peptides with the exosite of thrombin show differences consistent with the known flexibility in the interactions of the C-terminal peptide of hirudin with thrombin. The hirudin peptide in complex 2 has a higher temperature factor as compared with peptide 1 which may be correlated partly with a larger number of short-range electrostatic interactions between peptide 1 and thrombin and partly with the fact that thrombin 2 is ε-thrombin which is cleaved at Thr149A near the peptide binding site. Later, using this structure as a test case, it was shown that the position for the second thrombin could also be determined by a novel modification of the molecular-replacement method in which the contribution of the known molecule is subtracted from the structure factors. This approach is facile and applicable to any crystal containing two or more macromolecules in the asymmetric unit in which some but not all of the molecules can be determined by molecular replacement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444996000364
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predictive Chlorine Dosing: A New Paradigm (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 11 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Disinfection by chlorine is common practice in potable water treatment. The most frequently used dose control method is to inject an overdose of chlorine at the inlet to the contact tank and adjust to the desired residual chlorine level in the effluent stream. However, this method of control may not be optimal. The advent of reliable predictions of retention time distributions and the widespread use of programmable logic controllers, coupled with a greater understanding of chlorine disinfection kinetics, offers the potential for more efficient chlorine dosing algorithms. This paper describes one possible algorithm, based on theoretical models, for predictive chlorine dosing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1997.tb01374.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellulose-binding Domains (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 799 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb33235.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spin Polarized Photoemission (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 25 (1995), S. 455-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.25.080195.002323
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoinduced Rydberg ionization spectroscopy of phenol: The structure and assignment of the B˜-state of the cation (1997)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 106 (1997), S. 6785-6794 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The newly developed technique of photoinduced Rydberg ionization (PIRI) spectroscopy has been successfully applied to study the B˜←X˜ transition in the phenol and phenol-d6 cations. Vibrationally resolved spectra have been obtained for the B˜ state in phenol ion via the origin and the ν6, and ν12 vibrations of the ground ionic state. Similarly, vibrationally resolved spectra for the B˜ state in phenol-d6 ion have been obtained via the origin and ν6 vibration. Calculations to date have suggested the character of the half-filled orbital is π type, and experimental evidence for the B˜-state assignment so far has been inconclusive. In contrast to previous featureless photoelectron spectra, the main feature in all of the spectra presented here is the presence of several long, low frequency Frank–Condon progressions, suggestive of a large geometry change in the transition. Configuration interaction singles 6-31G* calculations, allowing full geometry optimization, show that the first excited σ state has the OH group rotated 90° from the planar ground state. Therefore, the symmetry for the B˜ state in phenol cation is assigned to be 2pσ instead of π, corresponding to that of benzene and several other monosubstituted benzenes. Further support for this assignment is found in a calculation of the normal mode vibrations, based on the geometry optimized for the excited σ state. These show three low frequency normal modes having a large amount of OH torsion, one of which has a ring motion identical to one of the two normal modes that induces the B˜←X˜ transition in the benzene cation. This calculated normal mode is, therefore, assigned to the most intense and most extensive progression observed in the photoinduced Rydberg ionization spectra. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.473677
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of crop husbandry and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate leaching from a shallow limestone soil growing a five course combinable crop rotation (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Nitrogen (N) leaching losses from a shallow limestone soil growing a five course combinable croprotation (oilseed rape, wheat, peas, wheat, barley) were measured from 1990 until 1995 using porous ceramic cups, at 60 cm depth, and drainage estimates. The crops were grown with three husbandry systems and two levels of N fertilizer. The husbandry systems were designed to reflect local practice (Standard), the best possible techniques to reduce N loss (Protective) and an Intermediate system which was a compromise between the two. Nitrogen was applied at full and half recommended rates. Drainage started during September in four years and November in one year, with above average drainage in three years. Losses of N were largest after peas (58 kg/ha) and oilseed rape (42 kg/ha), and least (17 kg/ha) before peas sown in spring after a cover crop. Over five years, the Protective management system, which used early sowing and shallow cultivation wherever possible, lost least N (31 kg/ha/y) and the Standard system, with conventional drilling dates and ploughing as the primary cultivation, lost most (49 kg/ha/y). Halving the N fertilizer decreased N loss by 11 kg/ha/y, averaged over the rotation. None of the treatments gave mean drainage water nitrate concentrations of less than 50 mg/l, averaged over the five years. Changes to arable cropping alone will not eliminate the need for other measures to control nitrate concen-trations in public drinking water supplies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00551.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accessory cells in physiological lymphoid tissue from the intestine: an immunohistochemical study (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Histopathology 28 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We report a study of the organization of accessory cell populations, in normal mucosal lymphoid tissue from small intestine (8 cases), large intestine (6) and appendix (9) using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antisera in paraffin-embedded tissue. Two populations were identified in dome areas, one positive for acid cysteine proteinase inhibitor and HLA class II (WR18) only and the second positive for S-100 protein, CD68, and WR18 and negative for acid cysteine proteinase inhibitor and factor XIIIa. Superficial colonic mucosal and small intestinal villous tip macrophages stained positively with CD68 and WR18 only, while deeper cryptal and submucosal populations exhibited additional positivity for factor XIIIa, but both populations were negative for acid cysteine proteinase inhibitor and S-100 protein. Germinal centre macrophages were positive for CD68, WR18 and acid cysteine proteinase inhibitor and negative for factor XIIIa, and S-100 protein. T zone dendritic cells included a population which stained positively for S-100 protein, WR18 and were negative for factor XIIIa, CD68 and acid cysteine proteinase inhibitor, an immunophenotype typical of interdigitating dendritic reticulum cells. This distribution of phenotypically identifiable accessory cell subpopulations was apparent at all three sites examined. We suggest that the specialized subpopulations of dendritic cells staining for S-100 protein and for acid cysteine proteinase inhibitor which are restricted to the dome areas, may have a potential role in the transfer of antigen across the epithelium to the germinal centres, while factor XIIIa appears to identify a tissue macrophage population with a potential role in stromal modulation distant from direct antigen challenge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2559.1996.d01-417.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual Control of Hand-reaching Movement: Activity in Parietal Area 7m (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 9 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The activity of single neurons was studied in parietal area 7m while monkeys performed an instructed-delay reaching task to visual targets under normal light conditions and in darkness. The task was aimed at assessing the influence of vision of hand position on the neural activity of 7m related either to static posture and movement of the hand or to eye position in the orbit. The results show the existence of preparatory, movement-related and postural activity for the control of reaching, all of which are strongly modulated by vision. The activity of many 7m neurons, otherwise insensitive to pure visual stimuli, seems to reflect complex interactions between gaze angle and hand position in the visual field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01460.x
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