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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-5029
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 34 (1995), S. 2866-2871 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Langmuir 11 (1995), S. 1041-1043 
    ISSN: 1520-5827
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Langmuir 11 (1995), S. 24-26 
    ISSN: 1520-5827
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 215-216 (June 1996), p. 179-190 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The chemical educator 1 (1996), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a family of techniques used to characterize macromolecules, colloids, and particulate materials, primarily by size, but in some cases by composition as well. FFF has many similarities to chromatography, but it also has several unique differences. Like liquid chromatography, small amounts of material are separated as they are carried through a channel by a stream of liquid. Certain materials move more slowly through the channel than others, and the amount of carrier liquid required to sweep a given material from inlet to outlet is used to characterize particular features of the material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Prämedikation ; Präoperative Nahrungskarenz ; Kinderanästhesie ; Umfrage ; Midazolam ; Key words Premedication ; Preoperative fasting ; Pediatric anaesthesia ; Survey ; Midazolam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract This study evaluates the current practice of premedication and preoperative fasting in pediatric anaesthesia in Germany. A total of 90 questionnaires were mailed to randomly selected hospitals with departments or sections of anaesthesiology and pediatric surgery. 71 questionnaires were returned and analysed (reply rate 79%). 60% of the responding hospitals start premedication between the ages of 3 and 12 months and 32% between 1 and 2 years of age. Premedication ist most often given orally (64%), followed by rectal (29%) and intranasal (3%) routes. Midazolam is used by 96% of the respondents as the primary sedative premedication. Alternatively, promethazine and chloraldhydrate are most frequently used. Anticholinergic drugs are given routinely by 21% of the respondents. For the apprehensive child intramuscular ketamine is most often used (33%), followed by intranasal midazolam (22%), rectal midazolam (19%) and rectal thiopentone or methohexitone (13%). For children less than 1 year of age 63% of the hospitals restrict clear liquids 2 hours and 34% 3 or 4 hours before anaesthesia. 64% of the respondents require abstinence from milk for 4 hours and 30% for 6 hours prior to surgery. For children older than one year of age fasting period requirements for clear liquids were 2 hours (34%), 3 hours (27%), 4 hours (30%) and 6 hours (9%). For children over 1 year of age the majority allow solid food or milk up to 6 hours prior to anaesthesia (68% and 63%, respectively). The survey shows that premedication is started during the first two years of age by nearly all responding hospitals. Oral or rectal midazolam is the most frequently used premedication regimen. Preoperative fasting guidelines vary.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung und Methodik: Die Untersuchung soll Einblick in die gegenwärtige Prämedikationspraxis in der Kinderanästhesie in Deutschland geben. Hierzu wurden 90 deutsche Kliniken, die über Abteilungen für Anästhesie und Kinderchirurgie verfügen, zufällig ausgewählt und zum Prämedikationsregime und zur Handhabung der präoperativen Nahrungskarenz befragt. Ergebnisse: 71 Fragebögen (Rücklaufquote 79%) wurden zurückgesandt und ausgewertet. 60% der Kliniken führen eine Prämedikation schon im Alter von 3 bis 12 Monaten durch, 32% beginnen damit zwischen dem 1. und 2. Lebensjahr. An 64% der Kliniken wird die Prämedikation oral verabreicht, 29% bevorzugen die rektale Applikation. 96% der befragten Kliniken verwenden primär Midazolam. Alternativ werden am häufigsten Promethazin und Chloralhydrat (9 bzw. 7 Nennungen) verwendet. 21% der Kliniken verabreichen ein Anticholinergikum in fester Kombination mit der Prämedikationssubstanz. Beim „unkooperativen” Kind auf der Station oder in der OP-Schleuse ändern 84% der Kliniken ihr Prämedikationsregime. 33% der Kliniken gaben an, in diesem Fall auf Ketamin intramuskulär umzustellen, 22% wechseln zu Midazolam nasal. 32% der Kliniken weichen auf die rektale Applikation von Midazolam (19%) oder Methohexital bzw. Thiopental (13%) aus. Neben dem Prämedikationsregime wurden auch die Richtlinien zur präoperativen Nahrungskarenz für feste Nahrung, Milch und klare Flüssigkeit erfaßt. Bei Kindern unter einem Jahr fordern 63% der Kliniken eine 2stündige und jeweils 17% eine 3- bzw. 4stündige Nahrungskarenz für klare Flüssigkeit. 64% der Kliniken wenden bei Kindern unter einem Jahr für Milch eine 4stündige und 30% eine 6stündige Nahrungskarenz an. Bei Kindern über einem Jahr verteilen sich die Angaben zur Nahrungskarenz für klare Flüssigkeit auf 2 h (34%), 3 h (27%), 4 h (30%) und 6 h (9%). Für Kinder über 1 Jahr wird vom überwiegenden Teil der Kliniken eine 6stündige Nahrungskarenz für Milch (63%) und feste Nahrung (68%) gefordert. Schlußfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß mit der medikamentösen Prämedikation an nahezu allen befragten Kliniken bereits innerhalb der ersten zwei Lebensjahre begonnen wird. Midazolam, oral oder rektal verabreicht, stellt das dominierende Prämedikationsregime dar. Die präoperative Nahrungskarenz wird von den Kliniken unterschiedlich gehandhabt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 48 (1999), S. 687-688 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 45 (1996), S. 66-69 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Spinalanästhesie ; Punktionstrauma ; Subduralhämatom ; neurologische Kontrolle ; Key words Spinal anaesthesia ; Puncture trauma ; subdural haematoma ; Neurological controls
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract This is a report of a case of a subdural haematoma with resulting paraplegia after attempted spinal anaesthesia. Epidural and subdural haematomas are rare complications after central neural blockade. The complication described here was the result of an unsuccessful attempt to puncture the spinal channel. The patient was a 72-year-old woman with a fracture of the left femoral neck, which it was intended to stabilize operatively. Findings that made lumbar spinal puncture difficult were severe overweight, and lordosis and scoliosis of the lumbar spine resulting from degenerative changes. Spinal anaesthesia was suggested because the patient had eaten shortly before and because she suffered from asthma. From the aspect of haemostasis no contraindications were present, and the anaesthesist was experienced in spinal anaesthesia even under difficult anatomical conditions. Several unsuccessful attempts were made to puncture the lumbar spinal channel while the patient was lying on her right side. It was also impossible to reach the spinal channel from a median or left paramedian approach. We used atraumatic pencil-point needles (Sprotte gauge 24, 90 mm). No blood was aspirated during any of the attempts. The surgical intervention was finally performed under a general anaesthetic in view of the urgency. No significant complications occurred during the operation, and no neurological abnormalities were observed immediately after or in the next 8 h after the operation. At 12 h after the operation a paraparesis was found caudal to L3. After this had been verified by radiological and neurological tests, neurosurgical decompression was carried out as quickly as possible. During the operation a distinct subdural haematoma without any detectable source of bleeding was discovered. Even after surgical revision and evacuation of the remaining haematoma it was not possible to reverse the paraplegia, in spite of rehabilitation measures. Despite a certain fragility of the vessel and pretreatment with pentoxifylline and thromboembolic prophylaxis with low-molecular heparin starting postoperatively, it must be assumed that a vessel accompanying one of the spinal nerves was punctured, possibly, the radiculomedullary vessel of Adamkiewicz. A similar case was published in 1988 by Parker. In the present case it must be assumed that the vessel was punctured during a paramedian approach in the area of the foramen intervertebrale, as the spinal channel was definitely not entered. Although this is an extremely rare complication, we conclude that close neurological controls are essential at least during the first 24 h after surgery, even after an unsuccessful attempt at central neural blockade.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der hier vorgestellte Fall handelt von einem Subduralhämatom mit nachfolgender Paraplegie nach frustraner Spinalanästhesie. Das Besondere dieser Kasuistik ist, daß im Unterschied zu den zwar seltenen aber bekannten Komplikationen eines Epi- oder Subduralhämatoms nach rückenmarknahen Anästhesieverfahren diese Komplikation nicht als Folge einer definitiven Regionalanästhesie im Rückenmarkbereich, sondern nach einem mißglückten Versuch, den Spinalkanal zu punktieren, auftrat. Es handelt sich im hier geschilderten Fall um eine 72jährige Patientin mit Oberschenkelhalsfraktur links, die einer operativen Stabilisierung unterzogen werden sollte. Für die Spinalpunktion erschwerende Befunde waren: Adipositas permagna, Lordose und Skoliose der LWS infolge degenerativer Veränderungen. Als Ursache des Subduralhämatoms muß ursächlich das Punktionstrauma angenommen werden, da hämostaseologisch keine Blutungsneigung laborchemisch feststellbar war. Im Hinblick auf die Prognose einer zentralen Nervenwurzelschädigung im Rahmen eines punktionsbedingten Hämatoms sollte auch nach frustranen Spinalkanalpunktionsversuchen eine engmaschige, klinische neurologische Kontrolle in den ersten 24 h erfolgen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Inhalationsanästhesie ; Sevofluran ; Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse ; Kostenkontrolle ; Key words Anaesthetics ; Inhalation ; Sevoflurane ; Cost-effectiveness ; Cost control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The economic impact of the new German health care laws requires an awareness of cost-effectiveness when using newer drugs. The main goal in patient care, i.e., effective treatment, must be achieved by the rational use of restricted resources at a maximum degree of effectiveness. Economic aspects of the new inhalational anaesthetics such as sevoflurane are discussed in this article. The cost of inhalational anaesthetic agents accounts for up to 5% of all the running expenses of an anaesthesia department. The consumption and cost of an inhalational agent depend on fresh gas flow, vapour setting, and duration of anaesthesia. Comparing the cost for 1 MAC-h of anaesthesia, desflurane is more expensive at current market prices than sevoflurane and isoflurane. However, at low or minimal fresh-gas flows, the price for one MAC-h is almost the same for these volatile anaesthetics. Total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol is even more expensive, partly due to wastage, i.e., opened ampoules with a remainder of propofol that has to be discarded after each case. When choosing an anaesthetic agent, the price of 1 ml liquid anaesthetic is an important factor. However, the overall cost-effectiveness analysis must balance the cost of the agent with its pharmacodynamic advantages such as more rapid recovery from anaesthesia. Furthermore, the indirect costs of side effects have to be taken into account. For example, nausea and vomiting lead to a prolonged stay in the recovery room after anaesthesia for outpatient surgery, which in turn incurs additional costs for antiemetic drugs and the extra time for nursing care. Therefore, a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting and a more rapid recovery from anaesthesia leading to earlier discharge from the recovery room may compensate for the higher price. Volatile agents account for up to 1% of the total intraoperative costs. In analysing the costs of 1 h of anaesthesia, other products such as plasma substitutes and blood products account for a much higher proportion than anaesthetic agents, and reductions or increases in costs pertaining to these products have a bigger impact on overall costs than do volatile anaesthetics. We conclude that volatile anaesthetics account for only a minor portion of the anaesthesia department budget and the cost of anaesthesia delivery. The higher market price of the new agents may be compensated for by the economic impact of fewer side effects and a shorter post-anaesthesia stay in the hospital. In analysing data for sevoflurane, this agent may be cost-effective, for example, for outpatient anaesthesia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die veränderten ökonomischen Bedingungen aufgrund des Gesundheitsstrukturgesetztes machen Kosten-Effektivitätsanalysen bei der Einführung neuer Medikamente erforderlich. Das Hauptziel der Patientenversorgung, nämlich die effektivste Behandlung, muß unter maximaler Effizienzsteigerung angesichts der beschränkten Ressourcen erreicht werden. Am Beispiel der modernen Inhalationsanästhetika, insbesondere des Sevofluran, werden die für den Anästhesisten ökonomisch relevanten Aspekte dargestellt. Inhalationsanästhetika verursachen nur ca. 5% der Sachkosten einer Anästhesieabteilung. Die Kosten für eine einzelne Inhalationsanästhesie hängen neben den Einkaufskosten für diese Substanzen im wesentlichen von dem Frischgasfluß, der Vaporeinstellung und der Anästhesiedauer ab. Beim Vergleich einer MAC-Stunde ist bei den aktuellen Preisen die Inhalationsanästhesie mit Desfluran teurer als die mit Sevofluran oder Isofluran, wobei sich jedoch unter low- und minimal-flow Bedingungen die Kosten annähern. Die Kosten für das Inhalationsanästhetikum betragen bis zu 1% der intraoperativen Kosten einer Fallpauschale. Andere Faktoren wie z.B. die Personalkosten oder die Sachkosten für Plasmasubstitute oder Blutprodukte sind für höhere Kostenanteile verantwortlich, so daß sich Einsparungen oder Mehrkosten in diesen Bereichen wesentlich stärker auswirken als bei dem Kostenfaktor Inhalationsanästhetikum. Eine Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse am Beispiel der Inhalationsanästhetika muß nicht nur den Einkaufspreis der jeweiligen Substanz, sondern die Gesamtkosten mit einschließen, die durch unterschiedliche Nebenwirkungen oder differente postnarkostisch notwendige Überwachungszeiten bedingt sind. Am Beispiel des Sevofluran kann nach den bisherigen Daten für einige Einsatzgebiete wie z.B. die ambulante Tageschirurgie errechnet werden, daß dieses Inhalationsanästhetikum aufgrund der kürzeren notwendigen Betreuung im Aufwachraum trotz des höheren Einkaufspreises kosteneffektiv ist.
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