ZIB

Hits per page

hits 1 - 2 | 2 hits

Sorting

Electronic Resource

Collaborative development of a sun protection factor test method: a proposed European Standard. COLIPA Task Force ‘Sun Protection Measurement’, Europe (1996)

FERGUSON, J. ; BROWN, M. ; ALERT, D. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

International journal of cosmetic science 18 (1996), S. 0

add to mindlist on the mindlist

Details

ISSN: 1468-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Standardization of the method to determine sun protection factors (SPF) is fundamental to uniform labelling of SPF values on sun products. The COLIPA Task Force ‘Sun Protection Measurement’(SPM), including representatives of major European sun-product manufacturers and contract testing laboratories, was established in 1990 to define methods for sun products testing. The process involved in developing the COLlPA SPF Test Method started with a critical appraisal of previously existing methods, and identification of areas for improvement. Experiments were performed by the participating laboratories to establish the new recommended test protocol which was then confirmed in two multicentred ring tests. Improvements to test methodology included the number and selection of volunteers and skin types, the application of the product, the definition of W output from solar simulators, and the method for assessing erythemal response (MED) including an option to use colorimetry to define objectively the ‘erythemal threshold’ of skin and to predetermine MED prior to exposure. Four cosmetic formulations and neutral density physical filters (SPF from 4 to 20) were tested in two ring tests. Results showed that variations in SPF of the cosmetic products were, on average, directly proportional to SPF value. An excellent correlation was found between visual and colorimetric SPF assessments (r = 0.99). An acceptable range of values for low and high SPF standard products was also established. The COLIPA SPF test method is now fully defined and supported by experimental data. Its use will harmonize SPF testing throughout Europe and help in the quest for global harmonization in testing sun products.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1996.tb00151.x

Permalink

Library	Location	Call Number	Volume/Issue/Year	Availability

Others were also interested in ...

Paper (German National Licenses)

Fulltext

Electronic Resource

Growth and nitrogen status of young walnuts as affected by intercropped legumes in a Mediterranean climate (1998)

Dupraz, C. ; Simorte, V. ; Dauzat, M. ; [et al.]

Springer

Agroforestry systems 43 (1998), S. 71-80

add to mindlist on the mindlist

Details

ISSN: 1572-9680

Keywords: competition ; facilitation ; intercropping ; Juglans ; Medicago sativa ; Onobrychis sativa

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Walnut trees (Juglans nigra L. and Juglans nigra × regia NG23) were intercropped with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) or sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa L.) forage legumes compared to a grass (Festuca arundinacea Schr., fescue), or to spontaneous weeds as a control in two Mediterranean sites (Castries and Notre-Dame de Londres) near Montpellier (France). Tree growth, soil water depletion and nitrogen content of the tree leaves were monitored to assess the impact of both water competition and possible facilitation resulting from fixed nitrogen transfer from the leguminous crops to the trees. At Castries, where alfalfa and fescue were compared, they were found to have the same impact on tree growth. At Notre-Dame de Londres where sainfoin was compared with a spontaneous grassing treatment, the sainfoin crop was more competitive to the walnuts. The nitrogen content of walnut leaves was enhanced when intercropped with nitrogen fixing species at both sites. Perennial leguminous intercrops were more competitive for soil water resources than fescue or weeds, but in the long term this may be compensated by the improved nitrogen status of the trees. This compensating effect was observed during a rather rainy year. The overall impact of leguminous intercrops on tree growth may depend on the frequency of dry (competitive) and wet (non-competitive) years.