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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The biochemical and pharmacological activity of 9-benzyl-9-deazaguanine, a potent purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) inhibitor (1995)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 44 (1995), S. S181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01778321
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CGS 26529: The biological profile of a novel, orally active 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor with an extended duration of action (1995)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 44 (1995), S. S147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01778305
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hepatic MR imaging: comparison of RARE derived sequences with conventional sequences for detection and characterization of focal liver lesions (1996)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 21 (1996), S. 427-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Key words: MRI—Hepatic imaging—RARE—Detection—Characterization.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Background: We compared two T2-weighted turbo spin echo (TSE) sequences with a T2-weighted conventional SE (CSE) sequence to determine whether sequences derived from rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement such as TSE could replace CSE for the detection and subsequent characterization of focal liver lesions. Methods: A total of 55 consecutive patients with 107 liver lesions underwent magnetic resonance imaging examinations at 1.5 Tesla, with a constant imaging protocol. TSE pulse sequences were acquired with eight echo trains (repetition time [TR], 4718 ms; echo time [TE], 90 ms; acquisition time [TA], 4.03 min; and a symmetric k-space ordering scheme) and 11 echo trains (TR, 4200 ms; TE, 140 ms; TA, 4.40 min; and an asymmetric k-space ordering scheme) and compared with CSE (TR, 2300 ms; TE, 45/90 ms; TA, 9.53 min). Images were analyzed qualitatively by scoring image quality and artifacts and counting focal liver lesions by independent reading with consensus obtained for discrepancies. Quantitative analysis was performed by measuring signal-to-noise (S/N), contrast-to-noise (C/N), and tumor–liver signal intensity (T/L) ratios. Results: T2-weighted TSE sequences provided better subjective image quality and reduced artifacts as compared with the T2-weighted CSE sequence. CSE and TSE sequences exhibited no statistically significant differences in liver S/N, lesion–liver C/N (CSE TE, 90 ms: 18.6 ± 14.0; TSE TE, 90 ms: 16.5 ± 12.9) and the detectability of focal liver lesions. Heavily T2-weighted TSE with a TE of 140 ms allowed correct characterization of focal liver lesions based on a T/L ratio of 3.0 in 84% of patients. Conclusions: T2-weighted TSE sequences are as suited as CSE for the detection (TE, 90 ms), and appear to be superior for the characterization (TE, 140 ms), of focal hepatic lesions. Whether a single sequence, such as a double-echo TSE or a single-echo TSE sequence with a TE between 110 and 120 ms, might perform both functions as well or better than CSE is unknown. However, because of time savings, TSE eventually may be preferred over CSE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002619900097
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of myelination and myelination disorders with turbo inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging (1997)
    Springer
    European radiology 7 (1997), S. 1478-1484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: MR imaging ; Turbo inversion recovery ; Brain ; Growth and development ; Myelin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of our work was to determine the efficacy of turbo inversion recovery spin echo (TIRSE) pulse sequences in differentiating patients with normal and abnormal myelination. Twenty neurological normal children (aged 5 months to 12 years) as well as 65 children presenting clinically with neurologic developmental deficits (aged 2 months to 10 years) were examined using TIRSE, T1-weighted SE, and T2-weighted turbo SE pulse sequences. Contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) between myelinated white and gray matter was compared for the different pulse sequences. In addition, two readers analyzed all images qualitatively by consensus. The CNR values were significantly higher on TIRSE images as compared with conventional images (p 〈 0.05). Forty-two neurologically abnormal patients displayed a normal myelination on all sequences, whereas 23 showed an abnormal myelination. The TIRSE sequence provided a sensitive and specific depiction of an abnormal myelination in all of these patients. The TIRSE sequence provided additional information to conventional pulse sequences in determining myelination disorders in children, especially in children older than 2 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003300050320
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of susceptibility-induced artefacts in GRASE with different echo train length (1998)
    Springer
    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 834-838 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain hemorrhage ; FSE ; GRASE ; Susceptibility artefact
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of gradient-and-spin-echo (GRASE) sequences to susceptibility effects. GRASE sequences with 21 and 33 echoes per echo train were compared with a T2-weighted FSE sequence with an echo train length of 5 by means of MRI in phantoms, volunteers (n = 10), and patients (n = 19) with old hemorrhagic brain lesions. All experiments were performed on a 1.0-T clinical MR system (Impact Expert, Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany) with constant imaging parameters. Contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of tubes doped with iron oxides at different concentrations, of brain areas with physiological iron deposition (red nucleus, substantia nigra), and of areas of old brain hemorrhage were calculated for FSE and GRASE pulse sequences. Areas of old brain hemorrhage were also qualitatively analyzed for the degree of visible susceptibility effects by blinded reading. The CNR of iron oxide tubes and iron-containing brain areas decreased with increasing echo trains of GRASE sequences. The CNR of GRASE sequences decreased when compared with CNR of their FSE counterparts (GRASE 21 echo trains 23.8 ± 0.8, FSE 5 echo trains 26.7 ± 0.9; p≤ 0.01). Qualitative analysis confirmed these measurements. FSE with an ETL of 5 demonstrated significantly stronger susceptibility effects than their GRASE counterpart with an ETL of 21. The results demonstrate that GRASE sequences do not necessarily compensate for the reduced sensitivity of FSE to susceptibility effects. The complex signal behavior of GRASE makes conventional SE, gradient echo, or FSE sequences containing shorter echo trains preferable when patients with intracranial hemorrhage are clinically evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003300050481
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Iotrolan in urography: efficacy and tolerance in comparison with iohexol and iopamidol (1995)
    Springer
    European radiology 5 (1995), S. S63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Iotrolan ; Iohexol ; Iopamidol ; Urography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Iotrolan was compared with iohexol and iopamidol for efficacy and general tolerance in excretory urography in three controlled, randomized, inte-individual, double-blind studies. Two hundred and eighty-four patients received fixed doses of 100 ml, 120 ml or 150 ml iotrolan 280 or iohexol 300/iopamidol 300 by rapid or bolus injection. Contrast quality in films taken 3–40 min after injection was rated by experienced radiologists both on an overall basis and with regard to distinct anatomical regions (parenchyma, pelvicalyceal system, ureter, bladder). In all studies, contrast quality was assessed as better in the iotrolan group. In two studies (dosages 100 and 120 ml), significant differences in contrast quality were found in lavour of iotrolan (P 〈 0.05), and in the third study (dosage 150 ml) there was a trend towards better contrast quality in the iotrolan group (P = 0.06). General tolerance of iotrolan was good with only minor side effects (iotrolan 6.3%, iohexol/iopamidol 9.9%), but the difference was not significant. No severe adverse reactions were observed with iotrolan. In comparison with non-ionic monomers, iotrolan shows very good efficacy and general tolerance for excretory urography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02343264
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement characteristics of liver metastases, hepatocellular carcinomas, and hemangiomas with Gd-EOB-DTPA: preliminary results with dynamic MR imaging (1997)
    Springer
    European radiology 7 (1997), S. 275-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: MRI ; Liver ; Gd-EOB-DTPA ; Characterization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Our objective was to study Gd-EOB-DTPA for the characterization of focal liver lesions by means of dynamic MR imaging. A double-blind and randomized dose-ranging phase-2 clinical trial was performed in 31 patients (liver metastases n = 23, hepatocellular carcinoma n = 4, and hemangioma n = 4) at a field strength of 1.0 Tesla. Gd-EOB-DTPA (Schering AG, Berlin, Germany) was administered as an IV bolus (12.5, 25, or 50 μmol/kg body weight) with dynamic T1-weighted MRI during the distribution and cellular uptake of the contrast agent at multiple time points up to 45 min post contrast. Dynamic changes in tumor signal intensity, tumor–liver contrast, enhancement patterns, side effects, and adverse events were evaluated. Monitoring of vital signs revealed no significant changes during bolus injection of Gd-EOB-DTPA. Liver metastases demonstrated an inhomogeneous uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA during the distribution phase with a washout effect on delayed images 〉 3 min and highest tumor–liver contrast 20 and 45 min post contrast. Hepatocellular carcinomas showed prolonged enhancement as compared with metastases and hemangiomas. Hemangiomas exhibited an early peripheral–nodular enhancement with subsequent partial or complete filling, persisting enhancement 〈 10 min following injection of Gd-EOB-DTPA, and delayed washout as compared with liver metastases. Initial clinical experience suggests that Gd-EOB-DTPA as a bolus injectable hepatobiliary MR contrast agent may offer useful features for the characterization of focal liver lesions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003300050150
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long pulse electron beam pumped molecular F*2 laser (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 399-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An electron beam pumped molecular F*2 laser with optical pulse widths up to 160 ns, and an output energy of 1.7 J (optical flux of 4.6 MW/cm2) has been realized. The widths of the laser pulses seem only limited by the duration of the excitation pulse (160 ns). For specific output powers up to 100 kW/cm3 no signs of self-terminating laser pulses due to bottlenecking in the lower laser level have been observed. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359337
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A long-pulse 300 keV electron gun with a plasma cathode for high-pressure gas lasers (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2449-2452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The design and main features of a plasma cathode electron gun for high-pressure gas lasers are discussed. The mesh plasma cathode in combination with a low-pressure gas discharge was used for the formation of a large cross-section (55×4 cm2) electron beam with emission current densities up to 1.7 A/cm2, accelerating voltages up to 300 kV, and a pulse length of 20 μs (full width at half maximum). © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147195
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the long pulse operation of an x-ray preionized, gas discharge pumped ArF excimer laser (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 75 (1999), S. 1033-1035 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Long laser pulses of up to 120 ns full width at half maximum have been achieved in a discharge pumped ArF laser, using x-ray preionization and prepulse-mainpulse excitation using a magnetic switch. For the realization of these long pulse lengths a fast current rise time in the first stage of the discharge is a crucial factor. The laser performance depends strongly on the discharge stability, and thus on the partial pressure of the fluorine in the laser gas mixture. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124587
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