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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words End-stage renal failure ; Meloxicam; haemo- dialysis ; pharmacokinetic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The pharmacokinetics of meloxicam have been studied following administration of a single 15-mg capsule to 12 patients with end-stage renal failure. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after haemodialysis. The pharmacokinetic profile obtained in these patients is compared to data obtained from age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Results: Total plasma meloxicam concentrations were lower in patients with end-stage renal failure (AUC0–∞12.6 μg ⋅ h ⋅ ml−1) in comparison with healthy volunteers (AUC0–∞39.3 μg ⋅ h ⋅ ml−1). This was reflected by an increase in total clearance (+211%). However, there was an enhanced free meloxicam fraction (unbound drug) in the end-stage renal failure patients (0.9% vs. 0.3% in healthy volunteers). This was observed in association with raised free Cmax (5.0 vs. 2.6 ng/ml) but similar free AUC0–∞(0.13 vs. 0.11 μg ⋅ h ⋅ ml−1) in both groups. Therefore, the raised free fraction is compensated for by the increased total clearance such that no accumulation of meloxicam occurs. Meloxicam plasma concentrations were similar before and after haemo- dialysis. Conclusion: Meloxicam has displayed a pharmacokinetic profile in end-stage renal failure which is similar to that observed for other highly protein bound non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, in view of the higher free Cmax value, and despite no evidence of accumulation, it may be prudent to treat this group of patients with a 7.5-mg dose of meloxicam. This is the lower dose normally recommended for adults. Meloxicam is not dialysable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 45 (1995), S. 295-335 
    ISSN: 0163-8998
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. The maximum depth of colonization of aquatic macrophytes (Zc) was investigated in eighteen South Island, New Zealand lakes. The downward attenuation coefficient for photosynthetically active radiation (Kd(PAR)) was calculated and the spectral characteristics of the lakes determined with a spectroradiometer.2. Characean algae dominated the deepest communities in sixteen of the study lakes.3. Zc was significantly related to Kd(PAR) by the relationship Zc = 4.5/Kd– 2.2.4. From measurements of the photosynthetic properties of Chara corallina (Kl. ex Willd., em R.D.W.) and incident radiation over the course of a year we calculated the depth at which daily net photosynthesis would be equal to zero for each day of the year. An annual average of this depth was significantly related to Zc with anr2 of 0.86.5. Correcting Kd(PAR) for spectral quality and taking into account the potential absorption spectrum of a characean meadow did not improve the relationships.6. We suggest that relationships established between Kd(PAR) and Zc of characean algae in South Island, New Zealand lakes can be explained to a great extent by light limitation of photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 136 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Anthralin is a most widely used compound for topical treatment of psoriasis. Whereas numerous studies have ascertained anthralin as a safe and effective drug its mode of action still remains unclear. Previous studies demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of a number of pro-inflammatory functions in human enutrophils and monocytes (MO). The aim of the present study was to investigate in stimulated MO the effect of anthralin on the secretion of cytokines which are of known importance for the psoriatic tissue reaction.Highly purifies MO were incubated with anthralin (0·01–1·0μg/ml), its clinically inactive derivative danthrone (0·1 and 10 μg/ml), the solvent acetone, or medium alone. Culture supernatants were analysed for immunoreactivity for interleuking-1β, and -8 (IL-1β, IL-8), and tumour necrosis factor β (TNF-β) by specific ILISA. IL-6 bioactivity was determined using the B9-bioassay. Additionally, IL-1 bioactivity was measured by the D10[N4]M-bioassay.The results show a dose-dependent inhibition of MO IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α release with a half- maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.25–0.6μ/ml of anthralin. There was no effect of danthrone or acetone on the secretion of these cytokines from MO. Secretion of IL-1β immunoreactivity measured by ELISA as determination of biological activity of IL-1 using the D10[N4]M- bioassay revealed a slight increase in IL-1 secretion with a maximum at an anthralin concentration of 0.1 μg/ml. Danthrone at a concentration of 10μg/ml and acetone (0.1%) similarly enhanced IL-1 secretion from human MO measured by both methods.Our results demonstrate a differential, dose-dependent inhibition of cytokine secretion from human MO by anthralin. The present data provide evidence that the anti-inflammatory and anti- proliferative activity of anthralin may at least in part be due to its inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by MO.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 221-225 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present a new design of a scanning force microscope (SFM) for operation at low temperatures in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) system. The SFM features an all-fiber interferometer detection mechanism and can be used for contact as well as for noncontact measurements. Cooling is performed in a UHV compatible liquid helium bath cryostat. The design allows in situ cantilever and sample exchange at room temperature; the subsequent transport of the microscope into the cryostat is done by a specially designed transfer mechanism. Atomic resolution images acquired at various temperatures down to 10 K in contact as well as in noncontact mode are shown to demonstrate the performance of the microscope. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Metastatic calcinosis is a common feature of chronic renal failure. Its first manifestations are bone demineralization and non-visceral and/or visceral calcification with mostly mural deposits in arteries and arterioles. It is initially characterized by hyperphosphataemin followed by secondary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Cutaneous involvement is a rare complication. Histologically, the lesions show vascular calcification with ischaemic skin necrosis. Extreme cases may produce calcinosis cuits (calciphylaxis), i.e. disseminated calcification of the subcutaneous tissue and dermis in the form of hard painful cutaneous nodules and plaques with subsequent ulceration. Metastatic calcinosis is a disease affecting adults. While the dystrophic or idiopathic type can develop in children. We present the case of a 6-year-old boy with end-stage renal disease, attributed to congenital renal hypoplasia, and accompanied by secondary hyperparathyroidism. He developed fulminant tertiary hyper- parathyroidism and metastatic caleinosis of the lungs, as well as cutaneous neerosis of the buttocks and legs, subsequent to calcification of arteries and arterioles. A maternal renal transplant failed to function. The serum parathormone, calcium and phosphate levels could not be controlled by maintenance dialysis, phosphate binders and calcitriol. Total parathyroldectomy without auto-transplantation of parathyroid tissue rapidly returned the serum parathormone, calcium and phosphate levels to normal. In addition, topical treatment using merbromine solution and hydro- colloid dressings, healed the ulcers with significant scar formation, within 2.5 months after para- thyroidectomy. A renewed increase of the calcium x phosphate product, 2 months after parathyroidectomy, was attributed to mobilization of calcium compounds from the viseera, as confirmed by a chest X-ray.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 5 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: The results of measurements of indoor air formaldehyde concentrations in occupational and private residences are presented for the period 1986 to 1993, based on requests of persons who complained about irritations. In many cases, climatic parameters such as the air exchange rate, temperature and relative humidity were also monitored. Calculated mean values for temperature and humidity were 22°C and 45% respectively. The average air exchange rate was 0.36 h−1, which is well below a recommended guideline value of 0.8 h˜' and it was evident that the ventilation is clearly insufficient in many rooms. The average formaldehyde concentration was 119 μg/m −3 (252 data), which is only slightly below the German guideline value of 125 μg/m −3. In 31% of the cases this guideline was exceeded. As expected, a clear relation between formaldehyde concentrations and the air exchange rate was found. The highest levels result at AE≤0.8 h−1, but only a single value exceeds 125 μg/m −3 at AE≥0.8 h−1. The association of law ventilation rates with high formaldehyde levels is also evident from a comparison with theoretical data after normalization to AE=0.8 h−1, using the Hoetjer-equation. It was also observed that the calculated annual mean concentrations decreased from 1986 to 1993.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 11 (1997), S. 513-521 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words: Endothelin ; Urine ; Receptors ; Synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Endothelin (ET) is a peptide with profound vasoconstrictive potential. First isolated from porcine endothelial cell supernatant, it is produced also by smooth muscle, epithelial and circulating cells. Besides vasoconstriction, a wide spectrum of biological activities of ET (via activation of membrane receptors) has been described. These include regulation of other hormones and neurotransmitters, cellular growth and proliferation, bronchoconstriction, and, in the kidney, natriuresis and water diuresis. ET exerts its effects mainly in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. A high concentration of ET is found in urine, compared with plasma originating mainly from the kidney itself. In this review we focus on the role of urinary excretion of ET in children. ET excretion was determined under different physiological and pathological conditions. In premature infants and newborns, the daily excretion of ET (corrected for body surface) was higher than in older children; it was constant, and comparable to the values in healthy adults after the age of 2 years. Renal ET excretion correlated positively with urine flow in both healthy and sick children. Conditions with tubular and/or collecting duct cell damage, such as severe hypoxia, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, renal transplantation, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, and contrast media cytotoxicity were characterized by elevated urinary excretion of ET. In conclusion, the renal excretion of ET is influenced by several factors, probably reflecting the intrarenal ET production. ET has a low specificity with regard to renal injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 70 (1999), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Liver trauma ; Surgical therapy ; Results. ; Schlüsselwörter: Lebertrauma ; chirurgische Therapie ; Ergebnisse.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Von Januar 1979 bis August 1996 wurden an der Chirurgischen Universitätsklinik Ulm 178 Patienten aufgrund eines Lebertraumas chirurgisch versorgt. Es handelte sich dabei zu 91,6 % um stumpfe und nur zu 8,4 % um penetrierende Traumen. Bei 110 Fällen (62 %) handelte es sich um leichte Verletzungen der Schweregrade I und II, während sich bei 68 Patienten (38 %) schwere Traumen der Grade III, IV und V fanden. Die Letalitätsrate wird vom Schweregrad der Leberruptur und der Begleitverletzung bestimmt. Die Gesamtletalität lag bei 32 % (57 Patienten). Davon sind 28 Patienten an den Folgen der Leberverletzung verstorben. Dies bedeutet, die reine Sterblichkeit aufgrund der Leber betrug 15,7 %. Keiner der Patienten mit einer penetrierenden Verletzung ist verstorben. Die Komplikationsrate lag bei 55 %, wobei die Hämatombildung die am häufigsten beobachtete Komplikation darstellte (12,9 %), an zweiter Stelle folgte die Nachblutung mit 9,6 %. Die Absceßrate lag bei 2,8 %. Bei einem kreislaufstabilen Patienten sollte grundsätzlich die konservative Therapie angestrebt werden, sofern er die gegebenen Voraussetzungen erfüllt. Bei kreislaufinstabilen Patienten ist ein operatives Vorgehen unumgänglich. Das chirurgische Vorgehen hängt vom Schweregrad der Leberverletzung ab. Bei leichter Blutung steht die „einfache“ Versorgung durch Coagulation oder Naht im Vordergrund. Liegt eine schwere Blutung vor, so empfiehlt sich die Hepatotomie, die gezielte Blutstillung und Débridement (Pachters Vorgehen). Ist die Blutung nicht unter Kontrolle zu bringen, ist die perihepatische Bauchtuchtamponade das Mittel der Wahl.
    Notes: Summary. The management of 178 patients with liver trauma (132 male, 46 female; mean age 34 years (range 3–88) presenting from January 1979 to August 1996 is reviewed. There were 165 cases of blunt trauma and 13 cases of penetrating injury. 110 cases were classified as simple injuries (grade I or II) and 68 cases as complex injuries (grade III to V). The overall mortality was 32 % (57 patients). The mortality for true hepatic injury was 15.7 %. None of the patients with penetrating injuries died. Mortality was inflenced by the type of liver injury and the number of associated injuries. The postoperative complication rate was 55 %. The most-frequent postoperative complications related to the hepatic injury were intrahepatic or subcapsular hematoma (12.9 %) and postoperative bleeding (9.6 %). Intraabdominal abscess formation was seen in 2.8 %. Operative therapy for liver injuries depends on the grade of the injury. The majority of liver injuries can be managed by simple techniques, including electrocautery and application of hemostatic agents. In complex injuries hepatotomy, direct vessel ligation, and debridement of necrotic tissue is the method of choice (Pachter's procedure). In non-controlled bleeding, perihepatic picking is a standard method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 383 (1998), S. 300-305 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Basic clinical research in surgery ; Full time research ; Evidence-based surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Surgeons must be prepared to be questioned about their understanding, activities, and achievements in basic and clinical research in terms of structural, organizational, and financial support of surgical research. Results: Clinical research today comprises basic research related to accumulation of knowledge about biological systems, disease-related research including experimental research with animals, and in vitro research with biological material and clinical studies with the strongest empirical basis in data derived from controlled clinical trials. Most clinical methods related to diagnosis and treatment have been introduced into the practice of everyday medicine even in university hospitals without passing a prospective evaluation protocol. To test the efficacy of a new drug or a newly developed surgical technique, the controlled prospective clinical trial is the best method; however, fewer than 50% of clinical questions can be answered by controlled clinical studies. In Germany the frequency of controlled clinical trials for answering clinical questions is presently low; this is particularly true for surgery, in comparison with other countries. The concept of evidence-based medicine is based on the principles of data generation from controlled trials and meta-analyses of those studies. Best-evidence synthesis means a reasonable synthesis of evident knowledge, experience and intuition. The challenge of professionalization of clinical research in surgery is linked to the establishment of full time positions for basic scientists and clinical researchers and the establishment of clinical research teams and of research professorships including basic scientists in surgical departments. Conclusion: Clinical research can be effective only if there is good cooperation between clinicians and basic scientists, if high grade scientific methods are established in clinical research institutions, if there is sufficient financial and personal supply, and if there are enough laboratories and animal operating facilities. There is an urgent need for structures integrating basic scientists in clinical research groups, for more interdisciplinary research projects and more multidisciplinary research, independent of clinical care in terms of manpower.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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