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  • 1
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 94 (1994), S. 10-15 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A survey of 259 primary school children in England and Germany ofvarying social background was performed to assess the children'sattitudes to sweet consumption and particularly to their perception (howthey make sense of information they receive) of sweets in their foodculture. There were highly significant differences in the children'sattitudes to sweet consumption between the two cultures with morechildren in Germany saying we should eat more (30 per cent) comparedwith those in England (7 per cent). Children's perceptions of sweetsalso differed significantly between cultures. These differences inattitude and perception of sweets, particularly chocolate, between thetwo cultures imply differences in educational and other influences onthe children in their early (primary) years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
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    Oxford : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The British journal for the philosophy of science. 45:2 (1994:June) 764 
    ISSN: 0007-0882
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    Notes: Discussions
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Science in context 4 (1991), S. 223-232 
    ISSN: 0269-8897
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Science in context 4 (1991), S. 233-264 
    ISSN: 0269-8897
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The ArgumentIn writing the history of science, the fluctuations between two meanings of the concept of style are of special interest: a simple or direct meaning of this concept referring to a means of expression and of presentation, and a philosophical interpretation of this term referring to “a world of objective spiritual order.” The last two chapters of this paper consider the perspective of the simple meaning of the concept, the first two chapters take the philosophical meaning as their starting point.The concept of style in its general epistemological meaning emerges within a conceptual space that becomes effective as a totality at the end of the eighteenth century and which is built up of further notions such as: individual, genius, expression, symbol, education, creativity, and others.The individual and, as believed, the nevertheless infinitely creative subject has taken the place that the concept of god had occupied within rationalism. But it is not only the subject as construction and will, but also the subject who reflected in a new way about the objective foundations of his conscience and tried to bring the object and the means of knowledge into a new relation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
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    Sevilla : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Anuario de estudios americanos. 47 (1990) 95-121 
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Meningitis ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; α 1-Proteinase inhibitor ; Elastase-α 1-proteinase inhibitor complex ; Elastase inhibition capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mortality and long-term neurologic sequelae are still frequent complications of meningitis despite effective antibiotic treatment. This suggests that pathogen-independent inflammatory mechanisms may play an important role in the course of this illness. Neutrophil granulocytes form the primary immune defense in meningitis. Once activated, these cells release elastase into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Elastase may induce tissue damage if local antiproteinase capacity is low as under normal conditions. To define the relevance of this mechanism we studied 22 patients with meningitis. Concentrations of elastase in complex with the main antiproteinaseα 1-proteinase inhibitor (elastase-α 1PI),α 1-proteinase inhibitor (α 1PI), and elastase inhibition capacity (EIC) were measured in CSF of 9 patients with bacterial meningitis (BM), aged 1 month-214 years; 13 patients with non-bacterial meningitis (NBM), aged 1 month–15 years; and 20 patients in whom meningitis was excluded after spinal tap (control group), aged 6 months–15 years. The concentration of elastase-α 1PI in the BM group (median 552 μg/l) was significantly higher than in either the NBM group (median 30 μg/l,p〈0.01) or the control group (median 30 μg/l,p〈0.01). Similarly, theα 1PI-concentration in the BM group was significantly higher (median 113 mg/l) than either the NBM group (median 13.7 mg/l,p〈0.025) or the control group (median 6.3 mg/l,p〈0.001). The concentration of elastase-α 1PI shows a significant correlation with the duration of the infectious symptoms before admission to the hospital (r=0.51,p〈0.02), but not with the number of neutrophil granulocytesr=0.23, p=0.21). Free elastolytic capacity in CSF could be demonstrated in 4 patients: 1 with BM, 2 with NBM, and 1 with pertussis pneumonia and enzephalitis. The measured insufficiency of the proteinase-antiproteinase system may indicate high-risk patients in need of additional anti-inflammatory therapy, e.g., with corticosteroids, during the initial phase of meningitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De 1984 à 1989, 175 patients atteints de cancer de l'oesophage, 10 patients admis pour oesophagite caustique grave et un patient présentant un pyothorax dû à une perforation iatrogène de l'oesophage ont eu une résection ou un by-pass oesophagien. Cent soixante-huit oesophagectomies ont été réalisées chez 167 patients: 13 totales, 106 subtotales et 49 distales. Dix-neuf transplants digestifs ont été montés au cou pour court-circuiter l'oesophage ou rétablir la continuité digestive après oesophagectomie faite ailleurs. Au total, la continuité digestive a été rétablie par un long transplant gastrique chez 120 patients, une coloplastie chez 17, une anse jéjunale chez 35 et un transplant gastrique court après oesophagogastrectomie polaire supérieure chez 14. La mortalité postopératoire à 30 jours a été nulle. La mortalité hospitaliére a été de 1.2% après résection et 10.5% après by-pass (p=0.048). Les complications postopératoires non mortelles les plus fréquentes étaient 33 insuffisances respiratoires, 10 paralysies récurrentielles, 10 fistules et 18 sténoses anastomotiques. Les complications respiratoires sont survenues plus fréquemment après intervention pour cancer de l'oesophage thoracique (29/111) qu'après oesophagectomie distale pour cancer de la jonction oesogastrique (4/50) (p〈0.01). Les sténoses anastomotiques cervicales (17/137) étaient plus fréquentes que les sténoses intrathoraciques (1/49) (p〈0.05). Neuf patients ont du être réopérés pour une complication technique: une hémorragie intra-abdominale, 2 plaies du canal thoracique, une cholécystite aiguë, 2 sténoses anastomotiques oesophagiennes serrées, 2 fistules anastomotiques jéjuno-duo-dénales et un stridor lié à une paralysie récurrentielle. Une faible mortalité postopératoire peut être obtenue après chirurgie oesophagienne dans une population de sujets occidentaux peu sélectionnés. Cependant, le taux de complications postopératoires non mortelles indique qu'une résection ou un by-pass oesophagien demeure une opération majeure. Les principes chirurgicaux que nous avons appliqués pour minimiser le risque de décès postopératories sont présentés et analysés.
    Abstract: Resumen En el período 1984 a 1989, 175 pacientes con cáncer de esófago, 10 pacientes con severa esofagitis cáustica y uno con piotórax por perforación iatrogénica del esófago fueron sometidos a resección esofágica o a un procedimiento derivativo. Se realizaron 168 resecciones esofágicas en 167 pacientes: esofagectomía total en 13, subtotal en 106 y distal en 49. Diecinueve trasplantes digestivos fueron ascendidos al cuello para derivar el esófago o reestablecer la continuidad después de una esofagectomía practicada en otra institución. La continuidad del tracto digestivo fue restablecida mediante trasplante gástrico largo en 120 pacientes, mediante un segmento de colon en 17, mediante un asa yeyunal en 35 y mediante trasplante gástrico corto después de esofagogastrectomía limitada en 14. La mortalidad a 30 días fue 0 en el grupo total. La tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria fue de 1.2% en el grupo sometido a resección y de 10.5% en el grupo sometido a derivatión (p=0.048). Las complicaciones postoperatorias no letales más comunes fueron la dificultad respiratoria en 33 pacientes, parálisis del nervio laríngeo recurrente en 10, fístula anastomótica en 10 (cervical en 8, intratorácica en 2) y estenosis de la anastomosis en 18. Las complicaciones respiratorias aparecieron más frecuentes en pacientes con cancer del esófago torácico (29/111) que en aquellos operados por cáncer ubicado en la unión gastroesofágica (4/50) (p〈0.01). La estenosis anastomótica se presentó con mayor fecuencia en el cuello (17/137) que en el tórax (1/49) (p〈0.05). Nueve pacientes fueron reoperados por complicaciones técnicas: hemorragia intra abdominal (1,) lesión del canal torácico (2), colecistitis aguda (1), estenosis severa de la anastomosis esogágica (2), fístula de la anastomosis yeyuno-duodenal (2) o estridor relacionado con parálisis del laríngeo recurrente (1). Es posible lograr una baja mortalidad después de cirugía esofágica en una población caucásica no seleccionada. Sin embargo, las complicaciones no letales son indicativas de que una resección o una derivación del esófago siguen siendo procedimientos mayores. Se presentan los principios quirúrgicos que hemos utilizado para minimizar la mortalidad postoperatoria y las complicaciones graves.
    Notes: Abstract From 1984 to 1989, 175 esophageal cancer patients, 10 patients admitted for severe caustic esophagitis, and 1 patient with pyothorax due to iatrogenic perforation of the esophagus underwent an esophageal resection or bypass operation. One hundred sixty-eight esophageal resections were performed on 167 patients; 13 were total, 106 subtotal and 49 distal. Nineteen digestive transplants were pulled up to the neck to bypass the esophagus or re-establish continuity after an esophagectomy made elsewhere. Digestive continuity was restored by a long gastric transplant in 120 patients, a colon segment in 17, a jejunal loop in 35, and a short gastric transplant after limited esophago-gastrectomy in 14 patients. Thirty day mortality was 0 in the whole group. Hospital mortality was 1.2% in the resection group and 10.5% in the bypass group (p=0.048). Nonfatal postoperative complications consisted of respiratory distress in 33 patients, recurrent nerve palsy in 10, anastomotic fistula in 10 (cervical in 8 and intrathoracic in 2) and anastomotic stenosis in 18 patients. Respiratory complications were more frequent in patients with a cancer of the thoracic esophagus (29/111) than in those operated on for a cancer located in the esophago-gastric junction (4/50) (p〈0.01). Anastomotic stenosis occurred more frequently in the neck (17/137) than in the chest (1/49) (p〈0.05). Nine patients were reoperated on for a technical complication; intraabdominal hemorrhage (1), thoracic duct injury (2), acute cholecystitis (1), tight stricture of the esophageal anastomosis (2), jejuno-duodenal anastomotic fistula (2), or stridor related to recurrent nerve palsy (1). Low postoperative mortality may be achieved after esophageal surgery, even in a nonselected Caucasian population. However, nonfatal complications indicate that an esophageal resection or bypass operation remains a major surgical procedure. The surgical principles which we have applied to minimize postoperative mortality and severe complications are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Neural networks ; medical decision aids ; cerebral tumour classification ; pathological diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study describes the use of a topological mapping system in the classification of cerebral tumours and the development of a decision support system based upon that classifier. Fourteen pathological parameters from two hundred primary cerebral tumours are presented as vectors to a topological map. The map, consisting of a grid of neurones, learns the features of each tumour by means of a shortest Euclidean distance algorithm, after which self adaptation of the neurones occurs. An LVQ algorithm performs the final classification. Study of the map reveals that it can correctly classify tumours following their malignancy potential and their cytogenesis. The decision support system uses the network at its core and helps not only in reaching a diagnosis but also in finding the optimal way to reach that diagnosis. The usefulness of such a mapping system lies in the field of education, clinical research and medically acceptable cost reduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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