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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of the cell cycle in yeast (1985)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 318 (1985), S. 20-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-In a recent News and Views article on yeast cell biology (Nature 316, 678), I. HerSkowitz states that mutations in yeast that result in Gj arrest with reduced protein synthesis are relatively unlikely to reflect specific cell-cycle controls, in contrast with mutations such as cdc28, which ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/318020b0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exercise training protects against contraction-induced lipid peroxidation in the diaphragm (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 79 (1999), S. 268-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Fatigue ; Antioxidant enzymes ; Non-protein thiols ; Lipid peroxidation ; Oxidative stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Endurance exercise training promotes a small but significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity in the costal diaphragm (DIA) of rodents. It is unclear if these training-induced improvements in muscle antioxidant capacity are large enough to reduce oxidative stress during prolonged contractile activity. To test the hypothesis that training-related increases in DIA antioxidant capacity reduces contraction-induced lipid peroxidation, we exercise trained adult female Sprague-Dawley (n = 7) rats on a motor-driven treadmill for 12 weeks at ≈ 75% maximal O2 consumption (90 min/day). Control animals (n = 8) remained sedentary during the same 12-week period. After training, DIA strips from animals in both experimental groups were excised and subjected to an in vitro fatigue contractile protocol in which the muscle was stimulated for 60 min at a frequency of 30 Hz, every 2 s, with a train duration of 330 m. Compared to the controls, endurance training resulted in an increase (P 〈 0.05) in diaphragmatic non-protein thiols and in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. Following the contractile protocol, lipid peroxidation was significantly lower (P 〈 0.05) in the trained DIA compared to the controls. These data support the hypothesis that endurance exercise training-induced increases in DIA antioxidant capacity protect the muscle against contractile-related oxidative stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050505
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incidence of exercise induced hypoxemia in elite endurance athletes at sea level (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 58 (1988), S. 298-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Exercise ; Induced hypoxemia ; Incremental exercise ; Trained athletes ; Arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent evidence suggests that exercise-induced hypoxemia (EIH) may occur in healthy trained endurance athletes. However, at present, no data exist to describe the regularity of EIH in athletes or non-athletes. Therefore, the purpose of the present investigation was to determine the incidence of EIH during exercise in healthy subjects varying in physical fitness. Subjects (N=68) performed an incremental cycle ergometer test to volitional fatigue with percent arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (%SaO2) measured min-by-min. For the purpose of data analysis subjects were divided into three groups according to their level of physical training: 1) untrained (N=16), 2) moderately trained (N=27), and 3) elite highly trained endurance athletes (N=25). EIH was defined as a %SaO2 of ≤91% during exercise. EIH did not occur in any of the untrained subjects or the moderately trained subjects. However, EIH occurred in 52% of the highly trained endurance athletes tested and was highly reproducible (r=0.95; P〈0.05). These findings further confirm the existence of EIH in healthy highly trained endurance athletes and suggests a rather high incidence of EIH in this healthy population. Hence, it is important that the clinician or physiologist performing exercise testing in elite endurance athletes recognize that EIH can and does occur in the elite endurance athlete in the absence of lung disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417266
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen uptake kinetics in trained athletes differing in $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$ (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 54 (1985), S. 306-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Oxygen uptake kinetics ; $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$ ; Exercise metabolism ; Trained athletes ; Gas exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous work has shown that when $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ kinetics are compared for endurance trained athletes and untrained subjects, the highly trained athletes have a faster response time. However, it remains to be determined whether the more rapid adjustment of $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ toward steady state in athletes is due to $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$ differences or training adaptation alone. One approach to this problem is to study the time course of $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ kinetics at the onset of work in athletes who differ in $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$ but have similar training habits. Therefore, the purpose of these experiments was to compare the time course of $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ kinetics at the onset of exercise in athletes with similar training routines but who differ in $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$ . Ten subjects ( $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$ range 50–70 ml · kg−1 · min−1) performed 6-minutes of cycle ergometer exercise at ∼50% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$ . Ventilation and gas exchange were monitored by open circuit techniques. The data were modeled with a single component exponential function incorporating a time delay, (T D ); $$\Delta \dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2}}f} } = \Delta \dot V_{{\text{O}}_{2ss} } {\text{ (1}} - e^{ - t - T_D /_{\tau )} }$$ , where Τ is the time constant $$\Delta \dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2}}f} }$$ is the increase in $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ at time t and $$\Delta \dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2ss}}} }$$ is the steady-rate increment above resting $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ . Kinetic analysis revealed a range of $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ half times from 21.6 to 36.0 s across subjects with a correlation coefficient of r=−0.80 (p〈0.05) between $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$ and $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ half time. These data suggest that in highly trained indicivuals with similar training habits, those with a higher $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$ achieve a more rapid $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ adjustment at the onset of work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426150
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clenbuterol-induced fiber type transition in the soleus of adult rats (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 74 (1996), S. 391-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words β(2)-Adrenoceptor agonist ; Skeletal muscle ; Fiber type ; Myosin heavy chain isoforms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This study examined the effects of 6 weeks of treatment with the β(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, clenbuterol, on the soleus muscle of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals (4 months old) were divided into two groups: clenbuterol treated (CL, n=7) (2 mg·kg–1 body mass injected subcutaneously every other day), and control (CON, n=7) (injected with isotonic saline). Post-treatment body weights were ≈5% greater in the CL group compared to CON (P〈0.05). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of soleus myofibrillar protein indicated a clenbuterol-induced decrease (P〈0.05) in the relative percentage of type I myosin heavy chain (MHC) with a concomitant increase (P〈0.05) in type IIdx MHC, while the proportion of type IIa MHC was unaffected. ATPase fiber typing revealed increases (P〈0.05) in the proportion of type II fibers expressed both as a percentage of total fiber number and total cross-sectional area (CSA). Finally, mean type II fiber CSA was ≈25% greater (P〈0.05) in the CL groups as compared to the CON group. These data indicate that clenbuterol treatment results in alterations in the MHC phenotype and an increased proportion of type II fiber CSA in the soleus of adult rats. These observations were due to an increase in the total number of type II fibers, as well as hypertrophy of these fibers. Thus, the relative increase in the number of histochemically determined type II fibers and the emergence of the normally unexpressed type IIdx MHC isoform in the soleus suggest a clenbuterol-induced transition of muscle fiber phenotype as well as selective hypertrophy of the type II fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050091
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clenbuterol-induced fiber type transition in the soleus of adult rats (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 74 (1996), S. 391-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: β(2)-Adrenoceptor agonist ; Skeletal muscle ; Fiber type ; Myosin heavy chain isoforms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the effects of 6 weeks of treatment with theβ (2)-adrenoceptor agonist, clenbuterol, on the soleus muscle of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals (4 months old) were divided into two groups: clenbuterol treated (CL,n=7) (2 mg kg−1 body mass injected subcutaneously every other day), and control (CON,n=7) (injected with isotonic saline). Post-treatment body weights were ≈ 5% greater in the CL group compared to CON (P〈0.05). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of soleus myofibrillar protein indicated a clenbuterol-induced decrease (P〈0.05) in the relative percentage of type I myosin heavy chain (MHC) with a concomitant increase (P〈0.05) in type IIdx MHC, while the proportion of type IIa MHC was unaffected. ATPase fiber typing revealed increases (P〈0.05) in the proportion of type II fibers expressed both as a percentage of total fiber number and total cross-sectional area (CSA). Finally, mean type II fiber CSA was ≈25% greater (P〈0.05) in the CL groups as compared to the CON group. These data indicate that clenbuterol treatment results in alterations in the MHC phenotype and an increased proportion of type II fiber CSA in the soleus of adult rats. These observations were due to an increase in the total number of type II fibers, as well as hypertrophy of these fibers. Thus, the relative increase in the number of histochemically determined type II fibers and the emergence of the normally unexpressed type IIdx MHC isoform in the soleus suggest a clenbuterol-induced transition of muscle fiber phenotype as well as selective hypertrophy of the type 11 fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02337718
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