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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous measurements of oxygen diffusion coefficients and solubilities in fermentation media with polarographic oxygen electrodes (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 31 (1988), S. 995-1005 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A membrane-covered oxygen electrode was used to measure oxygen diffusion coefficients and solubilities in aqueous glucose solutions and various fermentation media following a newly developed methodology. The fermentation media studied were tryptic soy broth and those for fermentations of Penicillium chrysogenum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Micrococcus glutamicus. The experimental results of oxygen diffusion coefficients and solubilities in glucose solutions were in good accord with the literature data. As for the fermentation media, both oxygen diffusion coefficients and solubilities were found to decrease with an increased fractional composition of these media, and log-additive behaviors of the oxygen diffusion coefficients and solubilities in fermentation media were observed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260310912
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen Diffusion Coefficients in Commonly Used Topical Semisolid Creams (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 92-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: steady-state analysis ; unsteady-state analysis ; USP XXI hydrophilic ointment ; phase–volume ratio ; 1% anthralin products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this paper is to determine oxygen diffusion coefficients, permeabilities, and solubilities in a commonly used o/w topical ointment (similar to USP XXI hydrophilic ointment) and four commercial 1% anthralin creams. A new method developed by Ju and Ho in 1986 by applying a coupled steady-state and unsteady-state analysis for oxygen diffusion through a thin layer of test material on the surface of a membrane-covered polarographic oxygen electrode was used in the study. The results indicate that oxygen diffusion coefficients decrease with an increasing petrolatum concentration in o/w topical creams. The oxygen diffusion coefficients in four commercial creams containing 1% of extremely oxygen-sensitive anthralin were also determined using the same method. The information generated in this study can lead to a better understanding of the diffusion transport mechanism of oxygen in the topical creams and, thus, be useful to the formulation design of oxygen-sensitive drugs in semisolid dosage forms intended for topical, ophthalmic, and parenteral use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015936100750
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on penicillin fermentations: Mycelial growth and penicillin production (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 668-677 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on the specific growth rate and the penicillin production rate of Penicillium chrysogenum was examined experimentally. The dissolved carbon dioxide was found to inhibit the specific growth rate and the penicillin production rate when the aerated submerged penicillin fermentation was exposed to influent gases of 12.6 and 20% carbon dioxide, respectively. Upon exposure to influent gases of 3 and 5% carbon dioxide, no pronounced metabolic inhibition was noted.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280506
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring oxygen diffusion coefficients with polarographic oxygen electrodes: I. Electrolyte solutions (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1495-1499 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271015
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of carbon dioxide on Penicillium chrysogenum: An autoradiographic study (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 32 (1988), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previous research has shown that dissolved carbon dioxide causes significant changes in submerged penicillin fermentations, such as stunted, swollen hyphae, increased branching, lower growth rates, and lower penicillin productivity. Influent carbon dioxide levels of 5 and 10% were shown through the use of autoradiography to cause an increase in chitin synthesis in submerged cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum. At an influent 5% carbon dioxide level, chitin synthesis is ca. 100% greater in the subapical region of P. chrysogenum hyphae than that of the control, in which there was no influent carbon dioxide. Influent carbon dioxide of 10% caused an increase of 200% in chitin synthesis, it is believed that the cell wall must be plasticized before branching can occur and that high amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide cause the cell to lose control of the plasticizing effect, thus the severe morphological changes occur.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260320103
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of cell volume fractions with cell concentrations in fermentation media (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 32 (1988), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell volume fractions and cell concentrations were measured in submerged cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, and Penicillium chrysogenum. Correlations for cell volume fractions with cell concentrations in fermentation media of the microorganisms were established accordingly. Other key properties of microorganisms, such as cell water content, wet cell density, and dry cell density, can also be obtained with the use of the current method. The results are in good agreement with data available in the literature.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260320113
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic production of ethanol from cellulose using soluble cellulose acetate as an intermediate (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 29 (1987), S. 1086-1096 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A two-stage process for the enzymatic conversion of cellulose to ethanol is proposed as an alternative to currently incomplete and relatively slow enzymatic conversion processes employing natural insoluble cellulose. This alternative approach is designed to promote faster and more complete conversion of cellulose to fermentable sugars through the use of a homogeneous enzymatic hydrolysis reaction. Cellulose is chemically dissolved in the first stage to form water-soluble cellulose acetate (WSCA). The WSCA is then converted to ethanol in a simultaneous saccharification-fermentation with Pestal-otiopsis westerdijkii enzymes (containing cellulolytic and acetyl esterase components) and yeast.Water-soluble cellulose acetate was successfully prepared from purified wood cellulose (Solka Floe) and chemical reagents. Enzyme pretreatment of WSCAto form metabolizable sugars was a necessary step in achieving practical conversion of WSCA to ethanol using yeast. The results showed that WSCA has a low enzyme requirement and a high convertibility to reducing sugars with enzymes from P. westerdijkii fungus. Pestalotiopsis westerdijkii enzymes were found to be superior to enzymes from Trichoderma viride in producing metabolizable glucose from WSCA. The yeast utilized 55-70% of the hydrolyzate sugars that were produced by P. westerrlijkii enzymes on WSCA and produced ethanol. The acetate that was liberated into solution by the action of acetyl esterase enzymes on WSCA was found to have a stimulatory effect on ethanol production in yeast. This is an important feature that can be used to advantage in manipulating the conversion to maximize the production of ethanol. Hence, the simultaneous saccharification-fermentation of WSCA to ethanol using P. westerdijkii enzymes and yeast has features that are highly desirable for developing an economical cellulose conversion process.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260290908
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic production of ethanol from cellulose using soluble cellulose acetate as an intermediate (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 32 (1988), S. 117-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260320117
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring oxygen diffusion coefficients with polarographic oxygen electrodes. II. Fermentation Media (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1086-1092 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fermentation media consist of a large number of chemicals which composition undergoes alteration during the course of fermentations. In consequence, the conventional methods and correlations for gas diffusion coefficient measurement and prediction cannot be easily applied to such systems. Oxygen diffusion coefficients have been measured in simulated chemical systems as well as in complex solutions of nutrient broth, using the polarographic technique introduced in a previous article. It is identified that sugars and salts are the major factors influencing oxygen diffusion coefficients in these aqueous fermentation media. The effect of salts on oxygen diffusion coefficients in electrolyte solutions has been found to be well correlated with the square root of total ionic strength of electrolyte solutions. The individual effect of glucose and its combined effect with salts are explored in order to reach rational correlations capable of predicting oxygen diffusion coefficients in synthetic fermentation media. For aqueous solutions of glucose plus salts, it is observed that the log-additive relationship can be used to account for the combined effect. Finally, a linear correlation has been established in measuring oxygen diffusion coefficients in aqueous solutions having different concentrations of nutrient broth.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280720
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The anomaly of oxygen diffusion in aqueous xanthan solutions (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 32 (1988), S. 8-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A membrane-covered polarographic oxygen electrode was used to measure oxygen diffusion coefficients in aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions of xanthan gum, sodium alginate, and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). In sodium alginate solutions, dilute xanthan solutions, and solutions containing more than 0.3 wt % CMC, oxygen diffusion coefficients decrease with increasing polymer concentrations. Interestingly, in dilute CMC solutions and concentrate xanthan solutions containing more than 0.5 wt % xanthan gum, oxygen diffusion coefficients increase with increasing polymer concentrations, and values exceeding that in pure water are generally observed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260320104
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