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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of high-temperature annealing on the dielectric function of Ta2O5 films observed by spectroscopic ellipsometry (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 3012-3014 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Postdeposition annealing of high-k dielectric Ta2O5 films to eliminate contaminations can adversely cause the films to crystallize, which can be detrimental to their complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor device performances. In this letter, we will show that spectroscopic ellipsometry can be used to quickly and nondestructively detect such crystallization by identifying the two relatively sharp absorption peaks at 4.7 and 5.2 eV in the complex dielectric function of the films. Such peaks are absent in amorphous Ta2O5 films. In general, these sharp structures in the dielectric function are expected from the presence of long-range order in materials, which produces singularities in their interband density of states. Using this approach, we will show that Ta2O5 films become crystalline when annealed at or above 750 °C and remain amorphous below 700 °C. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1324730
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectroscopic ellipsometry characterization of high-k dielectric HfO2 thin films and the high-temperature annealing effects on their optical properties (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 1249-1251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The optical properties of a set of high-k dielectric HfO2 films annealed at various high temperatures were determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The results show that the characteristics of the dielectric functions of these films are strongly affected by high temperature annealing. For a sample annealed at 600 °C, the film becomes polycrystalline, and its dielectric function displays a distinctive peak at 5.9 eV. On the other hand, the film remains amorphous without the 5.9 eV feature after 500 °C annealing. To model the dielectric functions, the Tauc–Lorentz dispersion was successfully adopted for these amorphous and polycrystalline films. The absorption edge was observed to shift to a higher energy at a high temperature annealing. Defects in the films were shown to relate to the appearance of a band tail above the absorption edge, and they appear to diminish with high temperature annealing. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1448384
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Notes on the Fishery Potential and Fish Fauna of the Brokopondo Reservoir (Surinam) (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 11 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The Brokopondo reservoir is situated in north-east Surinam and has a surface area of 150,000 ha. The dam was completed in 1964 for providing hydroelectric power. During the filling stage of the reservoir. 1964–1967, the composition of the fish fauna was studied. From 1967 to the present, no fishery research has been carried out in the reservoir. The aim of a mission, which was conducted in December 1978, was to obtain fundamental information on the fishery potential and fish fauna. Thirty-seven species have been collected with various fishing techniques; of these the characid Serrasalmus rhambeus (Linnaeus, 1766) and the cichlid Cichla ocellaris Block & Schneider, 1801 are possibly exploitable. The potential yeild of the reservoir is estimated at 3500 tonne yr-1. Gill nets with large mesh sizes proved to give the best results of the different fishery techniques tried. A comparison of the recent ichthyofauna with the fish species composition during 1966–1967 is provided and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1980.tb00819.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the global and superlinear convergence of a discretized version of Wilson's method (1982)
    Springer
    Computing 29 (1982), S. 289-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird ein Algorithmus zur Minimierung einer nichtlinearen Funktion unter nichtlinearen Ungleichungsnebenbedingungen diskutiert. Ausgangspunkt der Betrachtungen ist die in diesem Journal erschienene Arbeit von Best/Bräuninger/Ritter/Robinson. Die dort vorgeschlagene Kombination einer Strafmethode mit dem Robinsonverfahren kann verallgemeinert werden, indem man das Prinzip der Kopplung auf eine ganze Klasse lokal konvergenter Verfahren überträgt. Als Beispiel wird eine diskretisierte Version des Wilsonverfahrens angeführt, welche sich dahingehend als vorteilhaft erweist, daß dabei lineare Gleichungssysteme als Teilprobleme auftreten. Diese sind bei ausreichend fortgeschrittener Iteration eindeutig lösbar. Die in der Startphase notwendige Minimierung von Straffunktionen erfolgt asymptotisch exakt. Insgesamt ist damit die Implementierbarkeit des Verfahrens gesichert. Die angegebenen Konvergenzaussagen werden in der Hauptsache unter Benutzung des Banachschen Fixpunktsatzes verifiziert und stimmen im wesentlichen mit den Ergebnissen in der oben erwähnten Arbeit überein. Es zeigt sich, daß die Voraussetzungen für die Konvergenz des Verfahrens abgeschwächt werden können. Für die speziellen Verfahren, die durch die Verwendung der einzelnen konsistenten Approximationen der Hesse-Matrix der Lagrange-Funktion entstehen, ergeben sich die aus der Behandlung nichtlinearer Gleichungen bekannten Abschätzungen derR-Ordnung.
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses an algorithm for the minimization of a nonlinear objective function subject to nonlinear inequality constraints. The considerations are influenced by a paper of Best/Bräuninger/Ritter/Robinson (published in this journal). Their idea of combining a penalty-method with Robinson's method can be generalized by extending the principle of coupling to a whole class of locally convergent algorithms. An example is given by using a discretized version of Wilson's method, advantageously in the following sense: During the second phase, only linear equations occur in the subproblems. After a sufficiently large number of iterations, these systems are uniquely solvable. The minimization of penalty functions, necessary in the first phase, is asymptotically exact. Altogether, the implementability of the method can be guaranteed. The given convergence results are verified by using Banach's fixed-point theorem mainly. On the whole, they correspond with the paper mentioned above. The assumptions for proving global convergence are permitted to be weaken. By using different consistent approximations of the Hessian of the Lagrange function several methods arise, which have estimates of theR-order well-known from the treatment of nonlinear equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246757
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactivity and magnetism of Fe/InAs(100) interfaces (2002)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 28 (2002), S. 305-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: PACS. 61.10.Ht X-ray absorption spectroscopy: EXAFS, NEXAFS, XANES, etc. – 68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation – 75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films – 82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), etc.)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: Interface reaction and magnetism of epitaxially-grown Fe on InAs(100) are studied by core-level photoemission (As 3d and In 4d) and Fe 2p X-ray magnetic circular dichroism using synchrotron radiation. The reactivity of Fe/InAs(100) is relatively low compared to that of other interfaces involving deposition of 3d metals on III-V semiconductors. As a consequence, we observe a magnetic signal at Fe L2, 3 edges for the lowest thicknesses studied (1 ML). The atomic magnetic moment reaches a value close to that of the bulk α-Fe (2.2 μ B) for Fe coverages exceeding 5 ML. A ferromagnetic compound with approximate stoichiometry of FeAs is formed at the interface. The orbital magnetism represents between 12 and 20% of the total momentum, due to 3d density of states depletion and to crystal-field modification of the electronic levels. These properties make the Fe/InAs(100) interface very promising for spin-tunneling devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2002-00234-6
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of rheological behavior of branched polyethylene from molecular structure (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1001-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The general description of steady shear melt viscosity as a function of shear rate for polyethylene, containing any level of long chain branching, in terms of molecular structure is reported. A model, developed previously by B. H. Bersted for the prediction of rheological properties from the molecular structure of linear materials, and which has been subsequently modified by Ram and Pedersen for application to highly branched low-density polyethylene, is extended to describe the flow behavior of branched high-density polyethylene. The description of the branched high-density polyethylenes, which characteristically show dramatic viscosity enhancement relative to linear polyethylene, is effected by considering these materials to be blends of branched and linear species. A logarithmic rule of mixtures was found adequate at all shear rates for the description of blends of branched and linear materials.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260323
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histochemical evidence for granulosa steroids in follicle maturation in the African catfish, Clarias lazera (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 345-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Follicle maturation ; Steroidogenesis ; Clarias lazera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of carp pituitary suspension (CPS) and 11-desoxycorticosterone-acetate (DOCA) on 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in the ovary of Clarias lazera are described. Strong 3β-HSD and G6PD activities are localized in the stroma, of both control and treated fish. A single CPS injection stimulates 3β-HSD activity in the granulosa of postvitellogenic, maturing and postovulatory follicles, but DOCA has no such effect on the postvitellogenic and maturing follicles, and only stimulates a weak response in the postovulatory ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236454
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eine neue Synthese für 6H-1,3-Thiazine (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 326 (1984), S. 101-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A New Synthesis of 6H-1,3-ThiazinesA new method for the synthesis of 1,3-thiazines is described. The addition of nucleophiles to γ-isothiocyanatoallylchlorides (1a-j) leads to functionalisation and subsequent cyclisation (nucleophilic cyclofunctionalisation). Reaction of secondary amines or alcohols under catalysis by tert. amines gives numerous 2-dialkylamino- (3a-w) or 2-alkoxy-6H-1,3-thiazines (4a-p).
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19843260115
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthese und Charakterisierung von Polychlorisobutenen (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 326 (1984), S. 433-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis and Characterization of Polychlorinated IsobutenesThe preparation of polychlorinated methallylic chlorides by continuous chlorination of isobutene with different ratios of chlorine and following HCl-elimination is described. The structure is proved by reaction of the polychlorinated isobutenes with sodium thiolacetate and potassium thiocyanate and by spectroscopic methods.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19843260312
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