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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ultrastructure of two distinct neuron populations in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 321-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hypoglossal nucleus ; HRP ; Motoneuron ; Interneuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study of the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) in the rat has revealed two distinct neuronal populations. Hypoglossal motoneurons comprised the largest population of neurons in XII and were identified following injection of horseradish (HRP) into the tongue. Motoneurons were large (25–50 μ), multipolar in shape and distributed throughout XII. The nucleus was large, round and centrally located, and the cytoplasm was characterized by dense lamellar arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, a second population of small (10–18 μ), round to oval shaped neurons was found restricted to the ventral and dorsolateral regions of XII. The nucleus was markedly invaginated and eccentric, the cytoplasm scant and filled with free ribosomes, and the absence of lamellar arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum was conspicuous. Neurons of this type were never found to contain HRP reaction product. These results demonstrate that the hypoglossal nucleus does not consist solely of motoneurons, but includes a distinctly separate, presumably non-motoneuronal pool. Arguments are presented in favor of this second neuron population being interneurons. The functional significance of these findings in relation to tongue control is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236233
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptology of the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 57 (1984), S. 22-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Synaptology ; Hypoglossal nucleus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to define the types and distribution of synaptic terminals in the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) of the rat. Based on differences in bouton and vesicle size and shape, synaptic specializations and association with postsynaptic organelles, five types of terminals were identified in XII. In order of decreasing frequency they were: 1) S-boutons (spherical vesicles with an asymmetrical synapse); 2) F-boutons (flattened vesicles with a symmetrical synapse); 3) P-boutons (pleomorphic admixture of flattened and spherical vesicles with a symmetrical synapse); 4) C-boutons (pleomorphic vesicles with a subsynaptic cistern); and 5) Tboutons (spherical vesicles with an asymmetrical synapse and subsynaptic dense bodies). S-boutons were the predominant type found on dendrites, while boutons containing flattened vesicles were more prevalent on motoneuron somata. C-boutons were restricted exclusively to cell bodies and large dendrites, and T-boutons were seen primarily on smaller dendritic profiles. These results are, in general, comparable to those previously described in the ventral horn and cranial nerve motor nuclei in several species. However, differences were noted. Specifically, large M-boutons and axo-axonic synapses were not observed in the present study. The functional significance of these findings are discussed in relation to oro-lingual behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231128
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of the cerebellar tongue representation in the monkey (1980)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 39 (1980), S. 249-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Monkeys ; Cerebellum ; Tongue control ; Functional organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cerebellar nuclei of rhesus monkeys were stimulated electrically and evoked responses of the tongue recorded with force-displacement transducers and electromyographically. Stimulation of the dentate (DN) and fastigial (FN) nuclei produced different effects on the tongue musculature, the former evoking movements characterized by changes in both the lateral and anteroposterior (AP) dimensions of the tongue and the latter movements associated with a preferential change in the AP dimension. While all three deep nuclei influenced the genioglossus muscle, the influences varied across nuclei in the following manner: FN produced the largest amplitude genioglossus mediated AP excursions and DN the smallest, with the nucleus interpositus (NI) occupying an intermediate position; and, FN and medial NI stimulation evoked changes in genioglossus respiratory activity whereas DN stimulation did not. These data indicate that the cerebellar tongue representation is organized into different functional zones and that within an anatomically broad representation of a single target muscle, nuclear functional specificity exists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237114
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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