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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early stabilization of human posture after a sudden disturbance: influence of rate and amplitude of displacement (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 126-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Human posture-Short-medium-long-latency responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The functional role of short-, medium- and long-latency responses for the maintenance of upright posture was investigated in twenty healthy subjects standing on a platform which could be rotated in pitch around the subject's ankle joints. Tilting the platform toe-up evokes a stretch reflex in the triceps surae muscle (TS, latency 55–65 ms) and at higher speeds and amplitudes of platform displacement a medium-latency response (latency 108–123 ms). Both responses functionally destabilize posture, since they enforce the induced backward displacement of the body. Compensation of body displacement in this situation is achieved by a long-latency EMG response in the anterior tibial muscle (TA 130–145 ms). Platform movement toe-down elicits a rather small medium-latency response in TA (103–118 ms), but no short-latency response. A late compensatory response occurs in the triceps surae muscle (latency 139–170 ms). The mean latency of the late antagonistic EMG response was significantly shorter than that of a voluntary movement triggered by a somatosensory stimulus. Integrals of rectified EMG responses from the two muscles were linearly related to the amplitude and to a smaller degree to the velocity of platform displacement. The slope of this function (gain) varied depending on the direction of ankle displacement and the functional importance of the subsequent EMG responses. Destabilizing short- and medium-latency responses of the stretched muscle had a lower gain relative to amplitude than the late stabilizing response of the antagonist. This functionally adaptive modulation of gain was not seen in relation to the rate of platform displacement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237448
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization of human posture during induced oscillations of the body (1982)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 45 (1982), S. 126-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Human posture ; Induced sway ; Visual stabilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Displacements of the center of foot pressure, the hip and the head were recorded in six subjects standing on a platform, sinusoidally tilting in pitch(anterior-posterior).Stimulusfrequenciesranged between 0.01 and 1 Hz. Stimulus amplitudes were 2, 4 and 6 °. With eyes open the displacements were minimal at 0.3 Hz. With eyes closed, however, induced sway was maximal at this frequency. The apparent lack of visual stabilization at the lowest frequency (0.01 Hz) might be attributed to a subthreshold velocity of the retinal image motion induced by the swaying body. A similar absence of visual stabilization at 1 Hz is assumed to indicate the limit of the working range of visual stabilization of posture. Independent of stimulus amplitude a phase lead of about 90 ° was found at 0.01 Hz. This decreased with increasing frequency up to a phase lag of 100 ° at the highest frequency (1 Hz). Head stabilization was generally more effective than hip stabilization. EMG recordings from the leg muscles suggest that with eyes closed the center of force is mainly stabilized by leg muscle activity, while with eyes open this stabilization is best, when vision allows for stabilization of body posture by intersegmental movements between head, trunk and legs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235771
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability of postural “reflexes” in humans (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 52 (1983), S. 423-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Human posture ; Postural “reflexes” ; Change of latency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The functional role of spinal and supraspinal EMG-responses for the maintenance of upright human posture was investigated in ten healthy subjects standing on a force measuring platform, which could be rotated in pitch around an axis aligned with the subject's ankle joint. Voluntary changes of body posture prior to the platform movement by leaning forward or backward led to a change in the amplitude and temporal organization of EMG-responses as compared to platform movements starting from a neutral position. Tilting the platform toe-up while leaning backward led to an increase of the latency of the short- and medium-latency responses in the triceps surae muscle and to a decrease of the latency of the stabilizing response in the anterior tibial muscle. Functionally, a cocontraction of both antagonistic muscles could be observed which partly compensated for the destabilizing action of the “reflex” response in the stretched triceps surae muscle. In analogy, leaning forward and tilting the platform toedown led to a cocontraction of the two antagonistic muscles. The observed changes of latencies of short-, medium-, and long-latency response show the functional variability of segmental and suprasegmental “reflex” mechanisms. EMG-activities, which are functionally destabilizing posture, can be suppressed or compensated by reflexive cocontractions of antagonists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238035
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuropsychological functions after carotid endarterectomy (1984)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 234 (1984), S. 74-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Carotid endarterectomy ; Neuropsychological changes ; Endarterektomie ; Carotisstenose ; Neuropsychologische Veränderungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir führten bei 23 Patienten mit uni- oder bilateralen hämodynamisch relevanten Carotisstenosen vor und zehn Monate nach einer Endarterektomie testpsychologische Untersuchungen durch. Präoperativ hatten die meisten Patienten TIA (15), fünf hatten einen leichten Schlaganfall erlitten, drei waren asymptomatisch. Die Nachuntersuchung zeigte leicht verbesserte intellektuelle Funktionen, während die mnestischen Funktionen eher schlechter waren als vor der Operation. Die psychomotorischen Funktionen zeigten — ebenso wie die persönlichkeitsbezogenen Tests — keine wesentlichen Unterschiede. Die prophylaktische Wirkung der Endarterektomie zur Vorbeugung von Schlaganfällen ist unumstritten; eine wesentliche Verbesserung der neuropsychologischen Veränderung ist aber in der Regel nicht zu erwarten
    Notes: Summary Psychological testing was performed on 23 patients (mean age 60.7 years) with unilateral or bilateral stenoses of the carotid arteries prior to and 10 months after carotid endarterectomy. Intellectual functions were slightly improved, mnemic functions impaired, psychomotor functions and dimension of personality remained unchanged. Carotid endarterectomy, although improving neuropsychological functions in a few cases, on average does not cause a significant improvement. This underscores the preventive character of the surgical intervention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432887
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvement of ataxia in alcoholic cerebellar atrophy through alcohol abstinence (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 231 (1984), S. 258-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Alcoholic atrophy ; Alcohol abstinence ; Posturography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Postural instability was measured and short, medium and long latency EMG responses to angular displacement of the ankle were recorded from leg muscles in a group of 17 alcoholics who presented with clinical signs of cerebellar atrophy of the anterior lobe. Recordings were performed twice (average interval 18.5 months) to determine the effects of continued drinking versus abstinence on the signs of the cerebellar damage. Patients who were abstinent (n=11) exhibited a significant, sometimes dramatic decrease of body sway whereas patients who continued drinking (n=6) showed increased body sway when the eyes were closed. Short and medium latency EMG responses were unaltered in both groups of patients. The integral of the long latency response of the antagonist tended to increase with continued abuse and to decrease in abstinent patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313662
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms of postural ataxia after intake of alcohol (1983)
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 90 (1983), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Alcohol, effect on the spinocerebellum ; Posturography ; Alkohol, Wirkung auf Spinocerebellum ; Posturographie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Alkoholwirkung auf die Standsicherheit wurde in einem Akutexperiment bei 12 gesunden Versuchspersonen untersucht. Sie tranken innerhalb 1h 11 Wein. Die danach gemessenen Blutalkoholspiegel lagen zwischen 0,9 und 1,67 mg/ml. Die Standmessung am Ende der Trinkphase und 1h danach ergab bei geschlossenen Augen eine signifikante Zunahme der Körperunruhe, vor allem durch vermehrtes antero-posteriores Schwanken. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse der Posturographie im Akut-experiment und bei Patienten mit umschriebenen cerebellären Läsionen verschiedener Lokalisation zeigt, daß auch im Akutexperiment, wie durch den chronischen Abusus, vor allem das Spinocerebellum durch den Alkohol in seiner Funktion beeinträchtigt wird.
    Notes: Summary The effect of an acute intoxication with alcohol on the stability of stance was examined in 12 healthy subjects. They drank 11 of wine within 1h. The resulting blood alcohol concentrations ranged between 0.9 and 1.67 mg/ml. Static posturography at the end of drinking and 1h later revealed a significant increase in body sway which was mainly due to an increase in anteroposterior sway only present with closed eyes. A comparison of the results of posturography after acute intoxication with the data of patients with permanent lesions confined to the different functional subunits of the cerebellum shows that the acute effect of alcohol largely resembles that of a chronic lesion of the cerebellar anterior lobe (the spinocerebellum).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02116226
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuropsychological changes associated with stenoses or occlusions of the carotid arteries (1984)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 234 (1984), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Extracranial vascular disease ; Neuropsychological deficit ; Carotisstenose ; Neuropsychologische Veränderungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurden 33 Patienten mit hämodynamisch relevanten Carotisstenosen oder -verschlüssen psychodiagnostisch untersucht. 22 litten an transitorisch ischdmischen Attacken, 6 hatten einen leichten Schlaganfall erlitten, 5 waren asymptomatisch. Patienten mit hämodynamisch relevanten Carotisstenosen Im Vergleich mit der altersentsprechenden Normalpopulation waren die intellektuellen Funktionen intakt; es bestanden aber deutliche Einschränkungen im mnestischen Bereich, in der Aufmerksamkeit und im Bereich psychomotorischer Reaktionen. Für die Ausprägung der neuropsychologischen Ausfälle war es irrelevant, ob uni- oder bilatere Stenosen im Carotiskreislauf vorlagen. Die Untersuchung zeigt, daß auch bei asymptomatischen Patienten und solchen mit reversiblen neurologischen Ausfdllen bereits manifeste neuropsychische Störungen bestehen können.
    Notes: Summary A total of 33 patients with a relevant stenosis or occlusion of extracranial arteries were tested for a number of neuropsychological functions. Most of them [22] suffered from transient ischemic attacks, 6 from strokes, 5 were asymptomatic. Compared to an age-matched population of normals, patients showed an impairment in their mnemic functions, and attention under stress as well as in their psychomotor function. The degree of neuropsychological impairment was independent of the unilaterality or bilaterality of carotid stenoses. The results illustrate the neuropsychological deficit even in asymptomatic patients and those with complete recovery from transient neurological deficits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432886
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ocular key symptoms of extracranial cerebrovascular disease (1981)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 230 (1981), S. 129-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Carotid stenosis ; Ocular symptoms ; Ischemic ophthalmopathy ; Ischemic optic neuropathy ; Retinal embolism ; Carotisstenose ; Augensymptome ; Ischämische Ophthalmopathie ; Opticusneuropathie ; Retinale Embolien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 46 Patienten mit einer durch direkte Dopplersonographie gesicherten Stenose oder einem Verschluß der A. carotis interna erfolgte eine ophthalmologische Untersuchung. Neun Patienten wiesen dabei eine ischämische Ophthalmopathie auf. Acht litten unter Amaurosis fugax, sechs unter einer ischämischen Opticusneuropathie, fünf unter retinaler Embolie und drei unter Gesichtsfelddefekten. Zwei der obengenannten Patienten hatten zwei verschiedene oculäre Manifestationen. Sieben Patienten waren ophthalmologisch unauffällig. Zehn Patienten wiesen Erkrankungen der Augen auf, die nicht offensichtlich in Beziehung zu dem Verschlußprozeß der extrakraniellen Arterien standen. Eine ischämische Ophthalmopathie, gemäß augenärztlicher Primärdiagnose, war immer die Folge einer hochgradigen Stenose oder eines Verschlusses der A. carotis interna.
    Notes: Summary Forty-six patients with stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery were evaluated by direct Doppler sonography and ophthalmologic examination. A retrospective analysis showed the following secondary ocular manifestations of vascular disease: ischemic ophthalmopathy (9), amaurosis fugax (8), ischemic optic neuropathy (6), and retinal embolism ((5). Two patients had two ocular manifestations; three showed homonymous visual field defects. Results of the ophthalmologic examination were normal in seven patients. Eye changes not obviously related to extracranial vascular disease were present in ten patients. Ischemic ophthalmopathy was invariably due to an occlusive disease of the internal carotid artery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345173
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The significance of luminance on visual evoked potentials in diagnosis of MS (1982)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 231 (1982), S. 149-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Visual evoked potentials ; Stimulus luminance ; Multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nachdem psychophysische Experimente nahelegen, daß schon nach geringen Leuchtdichteänderungen die interokulären Latenzdifferenzen bei MS-Patienten beträchtlich zunehmen, untersuchten wir den Einfluß von Leuchtdichteänderungen auf die diagnostische Trefferrate der VEP bei der Multiplen Sklerose. Über einen Bereich von drei logarithmischen Einheiten brachten Leuchtdichteänderungen keine Zunahme der diagnostischen Ausbeute. Auch die Regressionskoeffizienten der Funktion VEP-Latenz gegen Leuchtdichte unterschieden sich bei MS-Kranken nicht von denen bei Gesunden. Da bei abnehmender Leuchtdichte die Trefferquote der VEP sogar deutlich abnimmt, muß diese Variable in der Klinik beachtet werden.
    Notes: Summary In view of the fact that with psychophysical methods monocular luminance changes may increase the detection rate of pathological interocularlatency differences in MS patients, we studied the influence of stimulus luminance on the detection rate of MS using checkerboard visual evoked potentials. Decrements of stimulus luminance covering a range of three log units were unable to increase the detection rate of VEP. Regression coefficients of the luminance-latency functions did not differ in MS patients and normals. Contrary to the hypothesis tested, the diagnostic significance of VEP decreases with decreasing stimulus intensity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343836
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