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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 22 (1983), S. 557-568 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Viscoelastic constitutive equation ; elongational flow ; elastic recovery ; stress growth ; strain-hardening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The viscoelastic behavior of polymeric systems based upon the Leonov model has been examined for (i) the stress growth at constant strain rate, (ii) the stress growth at constant speed and (iii) the elastic recovery in elongational flow. The model parameters have been determined from the available rheological data obtained either in steady shear flow (shear viscosity and first normal-stress difference as a function of shear rate) or oscillatory flow (storage and loss moduli as a function of frequency in the linear region) or from extensional flow at very small strain rates (time-dependent elongation viscosity in the linear viscoelastic limit). In addition, the effect of the parameter characterizing the strain-hardening of the material during elongation has also been studied. The estimation of this parameter has been based upon the structural characteristics of the polymer chain which include the critical molecular weight and molecular weight of an independent segment. Five different polymer melts have been considered with varying number of modes (maximum four modes). Resulting predictions are in fair agreement with corresponding experimental data in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 19 (1980), S. 168-182 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das idealisierte Problem einer eindimensionalen, instationären, nicht-isothermen Strömung eines Polymeren zwischen zwei parallelen Platten sowie das der nichtisothermen Relaxation, die auf das Anhalten dieser Strömung folgt, wird mit Hilfe der viskoelastischen Stoffgleichung vonLeonov gelöst. Numerische Ergebnisse werden für die Zeitabhängigkeit der folgenden Größen gegeben: des Druckgradienten, der Verteilung der linearen Geschwindigkeit, der Schergeschwindigkeit, der Schubspannung, der Normalspannungsdifferenzen sowie der Komponenten der Doppelbrechung in verschiedenen Ebenen. Die hier vorliegenden Voraussagen sind bezüglich des Druckgradienten in guter Ubereinstimmung mit denen, die auf dem “inelastischen“ Modell beruhen, unterscheiden sich von diesen aber wesentlich bezüglich der Normalspannungsdifferenzen. Das Modell wird auf den Spritzgußprozeß angewandt. Dieser wird als zweistufiger Prozeß, bestehend aus einer Abfüll- und einer Kühlstufe, behandelt. Numerische Ergebnisse werden für die Verteilung der Restspannungen und der assoziierten Doppelbrechung im Formteil gegeben, so wie sie durch die rheologischen und thermischen Eigenschaften des Polymeren und der Prozeßbedingungen beeinflußt werden. Die theoretischen Voraussagen für die Doppelbrechung werden mit Meßergebnissen aus der Literatur verglichen. Gute Übereinstimmung wird für die Lage und den Wert der maximalen Doppelbrechung in der 1–2 Ebene erzielt, während die Voraussagen für die Werte der Doppelbrechung in den 1–3 und 2–3 Ebenen wesentlich kleiner als die gemessenen Werte ausfallen. Die vorliegende Theorie zeigt an, daß für ein gegebenes Polymer die Schmelzentemperatur und die Einspritzgeschwindigkeit als Hauptfaktoren zu werten sind, die die Restspannungen und die Doppelbrechung beeinflussen. Diese sollen auf dem höchstzulässigen Stand gehalten werden.
    Notes: Summary By using theLeonov viscoelastic constitutive equation, an idealized problem has been solved for onedimensional, unsteady, non-isothermal flow of polymer between two parallel plates and the subsequent non-isothermal relaxation following cessation of flow. Numerical results are presented for the time dependence of the pressure gradient, the gapwise distribution of linear velocity, shear rate, shear stress and normalstress differences, together with the components of birefringence in different planes. Comparison of the present predictions for the pressure gradient with results based upon an “inelastic” model indicate close agreement whereas the corresponding predictions for normal-stress differences are found to be markedly different from those for the “inelastic” case. The model is applied to the injection-molding process which is treated in terms of a filling and a cooling stage. Final results are given in terms of the distribution of residual stresses and associated birefringences in the molded part, as influenced by the rheological and thermal properties of the polymer and the processing conditions. The theoretical predictions are compared with birefringence measurements in the literature. Reasonable agreement is obtained for the position and value of maximum birefringence in the 1–2 plane although the birefringence predictions in the 1–3 and 2–3 planes are found to be markedly smaller than the measured values. The present theory indicates that, for a given polymer, the main factors affecting residual stresses and birefringence are melt temperature and flow rate, both of which should be held at the highest permissible levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 20 (1981), S. 443-457 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Viscoelastic constitutìve equation ; birefringence ; stress growth ; stress relaxation ; elastic recovery ; polymeric fluid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das viskoelastische Verhalten von Polymer-Systemen wurde auf der Basis des Leonov-Modells für die folgenden Fälle untersucht: (i) Spannungsaufbau und Relaxation bei unterbrochener Scherströmung, (ii) abklingende Spannung nach einem Sprung in der Scherdeformation und (iii) elastische Erholung nach voraufgegangener Scherung. Eine große Zahl von Relaxations-Elementen konnte einbezogen werden, wobei die Modellparameter von herkömmlichen rheologischen Daten mit Hilfe der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate ermittelt wurden. Bei einer genügend großen Zahl von Relaxations-Elementen stimmen die gewonnenen Vorhersagen sehr gut mit experimentellen Daten aus der Literatur überein. Dies gilt vor allem auch für solche Daten, die mit Hilfe von optischen Methoden für die Fälle (i) und (ii) ermittelt worden sind. Die hier vorgelegte Theorie bestätigt ebenfalls die Lodge-Meissner-Beziehung (τ 11 −τ 22)/τ 12 =γ 0 bei einer sprunghaften Änderung der Schergeschwindigkeit. Durchweg führt das Leonov-Modell in diesen Testfällen zu Ergebnissen, die mit Wagners Theorie vergleichbar sind. Leonovs Modell ist jedoch weitaus einfacher anzuwenden und bietet somit die Möglichkeit, auch praktisch bedeutsame Strömungsprobleme zu analysieren.
    Notes: Summary The viscoelastic behavior of polymeric systems based upon the Leonov model has been examined for (i) stress growth and relaxation with intermittent shear flow, (ii) stress relaxation after a step in the shear strain and (iii) elastic recovery after shear flow. A large number of modes have been conveniently incorporated through the determination of the model parameters from conventional rheological data by using an effective least-square procedure. With a sufficient number of modes, the predictions are in very good agreement with corresponding experiments in literature, including the recent data for cases (i) and (ii) obtained by optical methods. The present theory agrees also with the Lodge-Meissner relation (τ 11 −τ 22)/τ 12 =γ 0 in a step-shear experiment. In general, the Leonov model leads to results which, in these test cases, are comparable to those from Wagner's theory. It is, however, considerably less difficult to apply, thus offering the possibility of analysing flow problems of practical interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 15 (1980), S. 1167-1174 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Dynamic properties of samples of an epoxy resin unfilled and filled with glass beads subjected to extensional creep were studied. The investigated epoxy resin was EPON 826 cured with diethylenetriamine(DETA). The real modulus of both the unfilled and filled resins decreased during creep of the samples. The extent of the decrease was higher in the filled resin, presumably due to wetting-dewetting processes occurring in the filler-matrix interphase. In most cases, the loss modulus also decreased during the creep process of the investigated materials. In cases when the load was removed, most of the initial dynamic properties of the samples recovered after the materials relaxed from the applied load. A correlation between the dynamic properties of the investigated material and the axial strain during creep was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental investigation is presented for filling thin cavities of variable gap thickness. The modeling is based upon a finite-element/finite-difference formulation for an inelastic power-law fluid and includes the effects of viscous heating and conduction upon the flow dynamics. Extensive results are presented for polypropylene and polystyrene melts injected into two variable-gap-thickness cavities, of which one has an insert. Good agreement is found between the predictions and measurements concerning the shape of the advancing melt front, the location of weld lines, and the temporal pressure trace at various positions in the cavity.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 21 (1981), S. 566-570 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Measurement of dynamic properties of crosslinked epoxy resin have been performed under torsional cyclic deformation with different amplitudes and frequencies and with extensional creep under different loads. It is found in both cases that the dynamic modulus decreases above a certain critical value of deformation. Truncation of the glassy state region and shifting of the transition zone to lower temperatures and higher frequencies have been observed as effects of large amplitude deformation. The maximum reduction in the modulus value and the minimum in the critical amplitude both occur in the region of Tg Shear fatigue of the material has been observed in the glassy state with a frequency- and temperature-dependent fatigue life. It is found that the loss modulus under extensional creep depends upon the values of the deformation and stress whereas the storage modulus depends solely upon the deformation. The ratio of energy expended during static and cyclic deformations is shown to depend only upon the extensional deformation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 271-284 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Frozen-in orientation in the injection-molding of amorphous polymers has been considered in terms of flow- and cooling-induced birefringence. In particular, measurements of the frozen-in orientation distribution in polystyrene (PS) molded strips and circular runners have been performed. Three birefringence components, Δn, n22 - n33, and n11 - n33, have been measured for strips, and two components, Δn and nrr - nθθ, for runners. The effects of various processing conditions, of strip thickness, and of runner diameter on orientation development have been analyzed and compared with those predicted by our previously developed viscoelastic theory. In addition to injection-molding experiments, free and constrained quenching experiments for PS and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) strips have been carried out and the gapwise distribution of cooling-induced (thermal) birefringence has been measured. Relaxation of thermal birefringence following quenching has been observed for PMMA. The effects of flow- and cooling-induced orientation on various components of birefringence in molded parts have been elucidated and limitations on the applicability of the stress-optical law to the injection-molding of amorphous polymers have been discussed.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 20 (1982), S. 423-440 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: On the basis of the Leonov viscoelastic constitutive equation, oscillatory shear flow of elastic fluids in the linear and nonlinear regimes has been considered. The Fourier components and associated phase angles of the shear and normal components of the elastic strain tensor have been found as functions of frequency and deformation amplitude in the range usually employed in experiment, and are presented in a form convenient for further rheological applications. In the linear case, the results correspond to many known theories. In the nonlinear case, the theoretical results have been compared with experiments, on different polymeric systems, with very good agreement being obtained for the shear stress in polymeric solutions but only qualitative agreement for the shear stress and first normal-stress difference in polymer melts.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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