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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevalence of diabetic autonomic neuropathy measured by simple bedside tests (1981)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 20 (1981), S. 190-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: IDDM ; diabetic autonomic neuropathy ; prevalence ; simple bedside tests ; nerve function ; retinopathy ; nephropathy ; diabetic complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate the prevalence of diabetic autonomic neuropathy, five simple bedside tests, beat-to-beat variation during quiet respiration, beatto-beat variation during forced respiration, heart rate and blood pressure response to standing, heart rate response to exercise, and heart rate response to Valsalva's manoeuvre were applied to 75 male insulindependent diabetics, mean age 40 years, (range 30–49 years). The subjects were subdivided into three groups according to duration of diabetes, which was between 0 and 40 years. Twenty-eight healthy age-matched male controls were also studied. The prevalence of diabetic autonomic neuropathy in the whole diabetic population indicated by abnormal response in beat-to-beat variation during forced respiration was 27%. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy increased in frequency with duration of disease. Patients with nephropathy or proliferative retinopathy had a significantly higher prevalence of diabetic autonomic neuropathy as indicated by abnormal beat-to-beat variation during forced respirations (p〈0.01) than patients without these complications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252626
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absence of H-2 genetic influence on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice (1982)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 23 (1982), S. 114-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Mouse ; experimental diabetes ; streptozotocin ; H-2 system ; sex hormone ; insulitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five daily injections of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) produced a delayed but progressively increasing level of hyperglycaemia in long term studies with male Naval Medical Research Institute mice and C3D2F1 (DBA 2 J male × C3H/ Tif female) F1 hybrid mice. The development of hyperglycaemia was paralleled by decreased amounts of pancreatic immunoreactive insulin as well as degranulation and necrosis of pancreatic B cells. Insulitis was found from days 9–25 after the first injection of streptozotocin. Compared with the F1 hybrid strain the parental inbred strains DBA 2 J and C3H/Tif demonstrated a certain resistance to streptozotocin. Development of hyperglycaemia did not differ in four congenic resistant lines of mice on the C57 BL/10 genetic background, indicating that major histocompatibility complex genes are not likely to determine susceptibility to streptozotocin-induced islet B cell damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01271171
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glycosylated haemoglobin and steady-state mean blood glucose concentration in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes (1982)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 23 (1982), S. 403-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Long-term mean blood glucose concentration ; glycaemic control ; haemoglobin A1c ; Type 1 diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Since glucose control and glycosylated haemoglobin varies asyncroneously, we have studied the steady-state relationship between these two factors. In Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with a constant haemoglobin A1c during the preceding 2 years, 15 ambulatory blood glucose profiles during a 5-week period showed a constant glucose level and provided a precise estimate of the mean blood glucose concentration. In addition, we studied 15 non-diabetic subjects who provided three glucose profiles and had one haemoglobin A1c determination performed. A good correlation was found for a curvilinear relationship (haemoglobin A1c=2.07 x mean blood glucose0.596, r=0.98). This close relationship indicates that glycosylated haemoglobin is a valuable, but not very sensitive, index of glucose control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260951
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of diabetes in Nauru: Effects of foreign admixture, HLA antigens and the insulin-gene-linked polymorphism (1983)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 25 (1983), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 2 diabetes ; HLA-Bw22 ; insulin gene ; Nauru ; Central Pacific ; diabetes genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Genetic factors play a major role in predisposition to diabetes in the Micronesian population of Nauru. In people aged 60 years and older, 83% of full-blooded Nauruans were diabetic compared with 17% of those with ancestral foreign admixture, as detected by HLA typing. HLA distributions also showed a small increased risk for early onset of diabetes (〈 46 years) associated with HLA-Bw22 (Bw56). Variation in the restriction fragment length of DNA near the insulin gene was found, but was not associated with diabetes. The distribution in fragment lengths, previously reported in Caucasoids, was observed in healthy Polynesians, Melanesians and Micronesians.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251889
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of glycosylated haemoglobin in vivo (1981)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 21 (1981), S. 549-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Haemoglobin A1c ; synthesis ; glucose ; hyperglycaemia ; artificial pancreas ; density separated erythrocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of glycosylated haemoglobins in vivo was measured during 24 h of controlled hyperglycaemia in seven insulin dependent diabetics. The mean blood glucose concentration was 22 mmol/l, while electrolytes and other metabolites were kept normal by infusion of 4–23 IU of insulin during hyperglycaemia. The study confirmed the velocity and magnitude of unstable HbA1c formation previously found in vitro. The stable HbA1c formed in 24 h was on average 0.006% of total haemoglobin/ mmol glucose. This compares well with the rate of HbA1c synthesis reported in normal subjects using 59Fe-kinetic measurements, and is in accordance with the concept of slow changes in stable HbA1c with time and glucose concentration. To investigate the possibility that the rate of HbA1c synthesis varies with erythrocyte age, glycosylated haemoglobins were measured in erythrocyte fractions after density separation on Percoll-Albumin gradients. We found both in normal subjects and in insulin treated diabetics that the 5% least dense cells contained 70%–80% of whole blood HbA1c. Assuming the least dense cells to be the youngest erythrocytes, this observation is inconsistent with a slow linear increase in HbA1c. Similar results were obtained in six newly diagnosed insulin dependent diabetic patients both before and after the first 30 days of insulin treatment, even though a marked decrease in young cell HbA1c would be expected with the improved glucose control observed. We therefore conclude that density separation of erythrocytes is an inadequate technique to study age related HbA1c synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281547
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of islet cell antibodies on frozen sections of human pancreas (1983)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 25 (1983), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Islet cell antibodies ; indirect immunofluorescence ; insulin-dependent diabetes ; assay reproducibility ; assay precision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sensitivity and specificity of the assay for islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies in human serum were examined using cryostat sections from fresh frozen pancreas. The specificity of the assay was close to 100% while the sensitivity was 40%–98% depending on the pancreas used. Inter-observer variation was 12–27%. End-point titres of islet cell antibodies varied with the sensitivity of each pancreas. End-point titration of the antibodies in two different laboratories using the same pancreas was significantly correlated (Spearman test p 〈 0.001). We conclude that a reliable determination of islet cell antibody titres in human serum requires careful characterization of the sensitivity and specificity of each pancreas used as a source of frozen sections, in the indirect immunofluorescence assay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250895
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid changes in chromatographically determined haemoglobin A1c induced by short-term changes in glucose concentration (1980)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 19 (1980), S. 130-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Haemoglobin A1c ; rapid glycosylation ; chromatography ; glucose ; 2-ketohexose derivatives ; artificial pancreas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chromatographically determined haemoglobin A1c concentration was measured during short-term (1–24 h) changes in glucose concentration in vitro and in vivo. In vitro at 37 °C the HbA1c concentration increased with glucose concentration and time both in normal and diabetic erythrocytes. In normal erythrocytes incubated in 20–100 mmol/l glucose, the increases in the HbA1c concentration were maximal after 4–6 h and then stable for the next 18–20 h. During the first hour, increases in the HbA1c concentration were linear with time and on average 0.034% HbA1c × h−1 × mmol/l glucose−1. In erythrocytes, after a rapidly produced increase (2h), HbA1c decreased to preincubation concentrations during a further incubation of the erythrocytes in a glucose-free medium at 37 °C for 4–6 h. The mean rate of linear decrease was 0.017% × h−1 × mmol/l glucose−1. After incubation of erythrocytes in 100 mmol/l glucose for 24 h, 1.3% HbA1c remained stable for 6 h in saline. The rapid increase in HbA1c concentration, as determined by chromatography, was not due to stable HbA1c (ketoamine linked glucose) as no increase was found in the HbA1c concentrations determined by the thiobarbiturate method. In juvenile diabetics controlled by an artificial beta-cell, rapid changes of blood glucose concentration (up to 20 mmol/l) resulted in increases in HbA1c concentration of as much as 1.9% within 12 h (mean 1.1%). Rapid in vivo increases in HbA1c concentration were reversible by normalization of the blood glucose concentration. That rapid changes in HbA1c may occur in daily diabetic life was evidenced by differences in HbA1c concentration between blood samples from out-patient diabetics incubated in saline for 16 hours at 4 °C and 37 °C (range of differences 0.2–1.4% HbA1c). The differences correlated to the blood glucose concentration at the time of sampling blood for HbA1c determination. Thus, incubation of blood at a low glucose concentration prior to determination of the glycosylated haemoglobin concentration may overcome interference from rapidly produced HbA1c.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421859
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The low dose streptozotocin murine model of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: Studies in vivo and in vitro of the modulating effect of sex hormones (1982)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 22 (1982), S. 194-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Mouse ; experimental diabetes ; streptozotocin ; sex influence ; sex hormone ; islet cell cytotoxicity in vitro ; lymphocyte transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of sex on pancreatic islet B cell susceptibility to streptozotocin was studied in mice given multiple low doses of streptozotocin. Male C3 D2 F1 mice developed a steadily increasing blood glucose level after a lag period of about 3 weeks, in contrast to females who were resistant. Spleen cells from streptozotocin treated female animals produced hyperglycaemia in total body irradiated syngeneic female recipients, but only if the recipients were treated with testosterone. Testosterone treatment of donors did not affect blood glucose levels of recipients. Streptozotocin cytotoxicity in vitro determined by a 51Cr-release assay revealed an increased sensitivity to streptozotocin in dispersed islet cells from adult male animals as compared with cells from adult female mice. The incubation of islet cells from animals of either sex with testosterone, or oestradiol plus progesterone, did not enhance the susceptibility to streptozotocin. Islet cells from sexually immature male or female mice were less susceptible to streptozotocin. The results demonstrate that sex determines susceptibility to streptozotocin in vivo and in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283752
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HLA-D and -DR antigens in genetic analysis of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (1981)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 21 (1981), S. 108-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: HLA ; genetics ; heterogeneity of insulin-dependent diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three groups of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, ascertained by different procedures, were investigated for HLA-A, B, C and D antigens (n=164), and a subset (n=93) for HLA-DR. Both HLA-D/DR3 and D/DR4 were strongly positively associated and D/DR2 was negatively associated with insulin-dependent diabetes. HLA-DR4 was found to be a better marker for insulin-dependent diabetes than Dw4. The HLA-B associations (B8, B15 and B18) were clearly secondary to the increases of HLA-D/DR3 and D/DR 4. The HLA associations did not differ between familial and isolated cases indicating that these two groups may well have a common genetic background. Based on analysis of HLA-haplotype sharing in affected sibling pairs, a simple dominant model of inheritance could be ruled out, and a simple recessive model was found unlikely. The relative risks for the HLA-Dw3,4 and HLA-DR3,4 phenotype were 21.2 and 44.4 respectively and exceeded those of both the HLA-Dw3 and HLA-DR3 (5.6 and 4.3) as well as the HLA-Dw4 and DR4 (10.1 and 10.5) phenotypes. This argues against an intermediate genetic model but further studies are needed to clarify whether there is more than one susceptibility gene for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus within the HLA-system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251276
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA insertion sequences near the insulin gene are not associated with maturity-onset diabetes of young people (1983)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 25 (1983), S. 18-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: DNA insertion sequences ; insulin gene ; maturityonset diabetes in young people
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The association between DNA insertion sequences located near the insulin gene and the dominantly inherited maturity-onset diabetes of young people was studied in a large family. The distribution of the restriction fragments was compatible with Mendelian segregation. However, no linkage was found between the DNA insertion sequences and this form of diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251890
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