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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Exercise induced asthma ; Allergic asthma ; Histamine ; Catecholamines ; Theophylline ; Plasma levels ; Anstrengungsasthma ; allergisch-bedingtes Asthma ; Histamin ; Katecholamine ; Theophyllin ; Plasmaspiegel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um zu untersuchen, ob endogene Transmitter bei der Auslösung und Unterhaltung verschiedener Formen des Asthma bronchiale eine Rolle spielen, haben wir bei Kindern vor und nach einer Laufbelastung sowie vor und nach einer inhalativen Provokation mit wäßrigen Allergenextrakten das Serumhistamin, Serumnoradrenalin und den bronchialen Strömungswiderstand (Rt) bestimmt. Die Untersuchung zeigt, daß das Belastungsasthma mit einem starken Anstieg des Plasmanoradrenalins, nicht jedoch des Plasmahistamins einhergeht. Dieser Anstieg war wesentlich ausgeprägter als der bei einem asthmatischen Vergleichskollektiv ohne Anstrengungsasthma. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten die Kinder, die nach einer Allergenprovokation einen Asthmaanfall entwickelten, einen signifikanten Histamin-, jedoch keinen Noradrenalinanstieg. Zwischen Histamin-Serumspiegel und Stärke der Bronchokonstriktion bestand eine gute Korrelation (r=0.98). Nach oraler Applikation übte Theophyllin einen Schutz sowohl gegenüber dem Anstrengungsasthma, als auch gegenüber dem allergisch bedingten Asthma aus. Da Theophyllin beim allergisch ausgelösten Asthma nicht nur zu einem Abfall von Rt führte, sondern auch den Histaminanstieg verminderte, kann vermutet werden, daß ein Teil der Wirkung dieser Substanz beim allergischen Asthma auf einer Hemmung der Histaminfreisetzung beruht. Die Noradrenalinfreisetzung beim Anstrengungsasthma beeinflußte es nicht. Für seine protektive Wirkung bei dieser Asthmaform müssen daher andere Wirkungsmechanismen angenommen werden. Ob diese ausschließlich auf einer Relaxation beruhen, muß ungeklärt bleiben. Als Schlußfolgerung dieser Untersuchung wird deutlich, daß das Anstrengungsasthma und das allergische Asthma 2 verschiedene Typen eines Syndroms sind. Arzneimittel, die gegenüber beiden Typen wirksam sind, können dies über verschiedene Wirkungsmechanismen tun.
    Notes: Summary To investigate whether endogenous transmitters play a role in different forms of bronchial asthma we determined histamine and noradrenaline plasma levels as well as airway resistance (Rt) before and after exercise and allergen challenge in children. The study demonstrates that in exercise induced asthma (EIA) broncho-constriction was paralleled by increases of noradrenaline, but not of histamine plasma levels. This increase of noradrenaline was much more pronounced than that observed in the asthmatic control group not suffering from EIA. In contrast to what has been observed in EIA, bronchoconstriction in response to allergen challenge was closely associated with increases of histamine, but not of noradrenaline plasma levels. Between histamine concentrations and severity of illness a good correlation was found (r=0.98). Tests carried out after oral administration of theophylline showed a protection against EIAand allergic induced asthma. Since theophylline in allergic asthma concomitantly reduced the increase in Rt and plasma histamine it is suggested that at least part of the beneficial effects of theophylline in allergic asthma may result from inhibition of histamine release. In those children suffering from EIA theophylline did not affect noradrenaline release. Thus, consideration must be given to effects of theophylline against EIA which are based on other mechanisms. Whether these effects are solely attributable to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle or not remains to be clarified. In conclusion this study clearly has identified exercise and allergic induced asthma as different types of the syndrome that we call asthma. Drugs which prevent against both types may do this by different modes of action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 983-990 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Histamine-receptors ; Antihistamines ; Pharmacology ; Clinical use ; Side-effects ; Histamin-Rezeptoren ; Antihistaminika ; Pharmakologie ; Klinische Anwendung ; Nebenwirkungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die H1-Antihistaminika werden seit über 30 Jahren zur Behandlung allergischer Erkrankungen eingesetzt. Viele von ihnen sind bisher jedoch noch nicht systematisch untersucht worden. Antihistaminika üben gegenüber der Histaminwirkung an isolierten Organen einen dualistischen Effekt aus, der aus einer kompetitiven und einer nicht-kompetitiven Komponente besteht. Zur Auslösung des nicht-kompetitiven Antagonismus sind gewöhnlich wesentlich höhere Dosen erforderlich, für das Dimethinden unterscheiden sich jedoch die Dosen zur Auslösung des kompetitiven und des nicht-kompetitiven Antagonismus nur um etwa 1 log Einheit. Bei der Therapie mit Antihistaminika muß berücksichtigt werden, daß einige bei Langzeitanwendung ihre Wirksamkeit verlieren und daß die sedierenden Effekte oft zu einer wesentlichen Beeinträchtigung führen. Es erscheint daher sinnvoll, zur Individualisierung der Therapie gegebenenfalls das Präparat zu wechseln, bevor das endgültige Therapieschema erstellt wird. Unter diesen Voraussetzungen sind die Antihistaminika erfolgreich bei vielen allergischen Erkrankungen einzusetzen. Beim Asthma bronchiale sind die klassischen Substanzen jedoch unwirksam. Die Suche nach neuen Wirkstoffen hat insofern zum Erfolg geführt, als mit dem Ketotifen ein neues wirksames Antihistaminikum/Antiallergikum zur Behandlung des Asthma bronchiale zur Verfügung steht. Viele Präparate, die bei der Behandlung “grippaler Infekte”, bei Vomitus und Rhinitiden eingesetzt werden, enthalten zusätzlich zum Antihistaminikum andere Pharmaka, die teilweise die unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen reduzieren sollen. Die Nebenwirkungen einiger Antihistaminika haben jedoch das Wirkungsspektrum andererseits erweitert. Dies gilt insbesondere für die zentralnervösen Effekte. Zusammen mit der weiteren Aufklärung der Funktion von Histamin als zentralnervöser Überträgersubstanz wird man bestrebt sein, Antihistaminika zu synthetisieren, die selektiver die zentralen Wirkungen des Histamins zu blockieren vermögen.
    Notes: Summary H1-antihistamines have been used in treatment of allergic disorders for more than 30 years. However, many of them have been employed in a less than systematic fashion. Most of the antihistamines show an apparent dual mechanism of action on isolated organs, consisting of a competitive and a non-competitive component. To induce non-competitive antagonism, higher concentrations are usually required, but for dimethindene the dose ratios for competitive and non-competitive activities differed only by less than one log unit. For therapeutic guidelines it should be considered that some antihistamines loose their effectiveness under long-term treatment and that patients may complain about the sedative side-effects. Thus, for maximum benefit it sometimes appears necessary to change the preparation before a choice for the individual dose is finally made. Under this condition they will cause relief from many allergic symptoms. Nevertheless, the classical antihistamines are without effect in bronchial asthma. The search for new drugs has been successful in this direction, as it has shown the antihistaminic/antiallergic drug Ketotifen to be able to prevent and control bronchial asthma. Many commercial preparations used in the treatment of common cold, vomitus or rhinitis contain an additive in combination with the antihistamines. Some of the additives appear to be of some value since they are used to reduce the side-effects of antihistamines. Secondary pharmacological properties of the antihistamines however provide also additional uses. This holds especially for effects on the CNS. Together with the search for the role played by histamine in the central cell-to-cell communication, new drugs might be found which will inhibit more selectively the action of histamine in the CNS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Childhood asthma ; House dust mite allergy ; Bronchial provocation test ; Allergen-induced histamine release ; Basophile granulocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It was suggested that 28 asthmatic children be sensitized against the house dust mite according to a positive case history and/or a positive result of the prick test and the radio-allergosorbent test (RAST). When these children underwent a bronchial provocation test with house dust mite allergen, 19 responded with a bronchoconstriction whereas nine remained unaffected. With the positive results there occurred a good correspondence with case history, prick test, and RAST, the latter being most valid in predicting results of bronchial reagibility to the house dust mite. On the other hand, those children who underwent bronchial provocation due to positive results in at least one of the allergy tests, but who did not respond with bronchoconstriction, showed no correspondence with either history or skin testing and RAST. However, when isolated basophiles from both children's groups were challenged with different house dust mite concentrations, the histamine release not only showed a good correspondence with the positive results of the bronchial provocation test, but also a correct prediction of the negative results could be made. Thus, of all allergy tests, the histamine liberation test appears to be the most valid for predicting the bronchial reagibility of asthmatic children to the house dust mite; this perhaps will allow a reduction in the frequency of inhalation challenges in those asthmatic children who are supposed to have been sensitized against house dust mite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Bronchial asthama ; Adrenergic theory ; α- and β-adrenoceptors ; Blood cells ; Age-dependent maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Among the possible mechanisms which may cause wheezing or asthmatic episodes a genetically determined β-adrenoceptor blockade and a hyperresponsiveness of α-andrenoceptors has been postulated. Evidence to support this hypothesis stems from an increased bronchial sensitivity to β-blockers, a reduced formation of cyclic AMP in response to β-adrenergic stimulation and enhanced α-adrenergic responses in asthmatic subjects. The recent development of techniques for measuring the specific, high-affinity binding of radiolabeled α-and β-adrenergic antagonists made it possible to study α- and β-adrenoceptors in vitro. Based upon the assumption that a change in the number and/or affinity of adrenergic receptors might be a general phenomenon, we have performed α- and β-receptor binding studies on lymphocytes and platelets from wheezing infants and asthmatic children as well as of infants, children, and adults not suffering from these diseases. Using 125[I]-cyanopindolol (ICYP) and 3[H]-yohimbine (HYOH) as highly specific ligands for α- and β-adrenoceptors, the following results were obtained: (1) Lymphocytes and platelets from control subjects and asthamatics bound similar amounts of ICYP and HYOH and thus showed no differences either in the number or the affinity of α- and β-adrenoceptors. Lymphocytes and platelets of wheezing and nonwheezing infants also bound the same amounts of the radioligands. (2) In asthmatic children receiving 4×2 puffs salbutamol β-adrenoceptor were down-regulated and this may mimic β-adrenoceptor blockade. (3) When subjects were divided into four categories according to age (0–5, 5–10, 10–20 years, adults) the number of β-adrenoceptor binding sites showed an age-dependent increase. The number and affinity of α-adreneceptor binding sites on platelets was neither influenced by age nor disease. It is concluded that the α- and β-adrenoceptors of wheezing infants and asthmatic children at least on blood cells are normal. However the β-adrenoceptors show an age-dependent maturation process, which may account for an unresponsiveness to β-adrenoceptor agonists in wheezing infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 134 (1980), S. 45-50 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Exercise induced asthma (EIA) ; Catecholamines ; Cyclic AMP ; a-Adrenergic blockade ; Allergic asthma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to provoke exercise induced asthma (EIA) a test which involved running for 7 min was performed with 21 asthmatic children. Eleven children not only developed a highly significant increase in airway resistance (Rt), but showed also a 4-fold increase in plasma noradrenaline (NA) levels. In 10 children who did not develop EIA only a 1.5-fold increase of NA could be observed. Following exercise cyclic AMP showed an identical increase in both groups studied, whereas adrenaline levels remained uninfluenced. Tests carried out after administration of phentolamine by inhalation showed a significant inhibition of post-exercise bronchoconstriction. It is concluded that EIA originates from a-receptor stimulation which is mediated by excessive noradrenaline release. However, since disodium cromoglycate—which does not act via adrenergic mechanisms—also protected against EIA, other factors should be involved. In 5 children with allergic asthma, asthmatic attacks were accompanied by a significant decrease in cAMP, whereas noradrenaline levels remained uninfluenced. Thus, evidence appears that both types of asthma result from different autonomic dysfunctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 138 (1982), S. 285-285 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Calcium metabolism ; Vitamin D metabolites ; Anticonvulsant drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Calcium metabolism and plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites were investigated in 27 children on long-term anticonvulsant therapy. Serum calcium was in the low normal range, phosphorus was normal, parathyroid hormone concentrations and alkaline phosphatase were elevated. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D) and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25-(OH)2D) were decreased, but 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D) was normal when compared with a synchronous control group. The serum concentrations of all anticonvulsant drugs given were measured. The decreases in 25-OH D and 24,25-(OH)2D did not depend on the blood level of a single drug, or any combination of drugs given, or on the duration of therapy. The 25-OH D levels were negatively correlated with the number of different drugs used, which may reflect the severity of the neurologic disorder, and therefore with non-specific factors such as exposure to sunlight, nutrition, or physical activity. Our data do not support the hypothesis that anticonvulsant drugs act on vitamin D metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 138 (1982), S. 49-52 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Translactal passage ; Digoxin ; Breastfed infants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to find out whether digoxin therapy of nursing mothers might produce discomfort in suckling infants we have investigated the kinetics of the transfer of digoxin from plasma to milk in 11 nursing mothers. After intravenous or oral application of a single dose of 0.5 mg or 0.75 mg digoxin simultaneous serum, fore- and hindmilk samples were taken. Obviously, a rapid equilibrium occurred between the serum and the milk compartments and there was no difference between fore- and hindmilk. All three digoxin concentration profiles ran parallel with a milk to serum ratio of 0.6 to 0.7. The curves could best be fitted by the sum of two exponential functions. For predicting the digoxin intake into the suckling infant, simulations were carried out on the basis of two coupled compartment models. When the kinetic milk data as well as the kinetic data obtained in infants were fitted by this model it could be shown that even in the case of long half-lives only about 3% of the therapeutic drug levels were reached in the baby. Thus, one can conclude that digoxin accumulation to toxic concentrations should not occur in infants of women treated with appropriate doses of digoxin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 47 (1982), S. 1769-1772 
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 10 children suffering from allergic pollinosis and/or asthma, a preseasonal hyposensitization scheme with 3 weekly injections of a glutaraldehyde-modified, tyrosine-adsorbed grass-pollen allergen reduced the histamine release from basophils in response to increasing concentrations of antigen. The decrease in histamine release which occurred 1 week after the injection course was even maintained during the pollen season. The inhibition was only obtained when basophils were incubated with the serum of patients, but not with the serum of normals, indicating that blocking antibodies may have occurred. In contrast to what has been observed in the treated patients' group, 5 patients, who were not included in the hyposensitization scheme, showed identical histamine release curves during the whole investigation period. Specific IgE did not increase after the treatment course and shows the same behaviour as in untreated patients. Thus, as treatment with glutaraldehyde modified, tyrosine-adsorbed allergoids is safe to administer, requires only 3 injections, reduces histamine release from basophils by production of ‘blocking’ antibodies, it appears to be a useful tool in the hyposensitization treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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