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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 983-990 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Histamine-receptors ; Antihistamines ; Pharmacology ; Clinical use ; Side-effects ; Histamin-Rezeptoren ; Antihistaminika ; Pharmakologie ; Klinische Anwendung ; Nebenwirkungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die H1-Antihistaminika werden seit über 30 Jahren zur Behandlung allergischer Erkrankungen eingesetzt. Viele von ihnen sind bisher jedoch noch nicht systematisch untersucht worden. Antihistaminika üben gegenüber der Histaminwirkung an isolierten Organen einen dualistischen Effekt aus, der aus einer kompetitiven und einer nicht-kompetitiven Komponente besteht. Zur Auslösung des nicht-kompetitiven Antagonismus sind gewöhnlich wesentlich höhere Dosen erforderlich, für das Dimethinden unterscheiden sich jedoch die Dosen zur Auslösung des kompetitiven und des nicht-kompetitiven Antagonismus nur um etwa 1 log Einheit. Bei der Therapie mit Antihistaminika muß berücksichtigt werden, daß einige bei Langzeitanwendung ihre Wirksamkeit verlieren und daß die sedierenden Effekte oft zu einer wesentlichen Beeinträchtigung führen. Es erscheint daher sinnvoll, zur Individualisierung der Therapie gegebenenfalls das Präparat zu wechseln, bevor das endgültige Therapieschema erstellt wird. Unter diesen Voraussetzungen sind die Antihistaminika erfolgreich bei vielen allergischen Erkrankungen einzusetzen. Beim Asthma bronchiale sind die klassischen Substanzen jedoch unwirksam. Die Suche nach neuen Wirkstoffen hat insofern zum Erfolg geführt, als mit dem Ketotifen ein neues wirksames Antihistaminikum/Antiallergikum zur Behandlung des Asthma bronchiale zur Verfügung steht. Viele Präparate, die bei der Behandlung “grippaler Infekte”, bei Vomitus und Rhinitiden eingesetzt werden, enthalten zusätzlich zum Antihistaminikum andere Pharmaka, die teilweise die unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen reduzieren sollen. Die Nebenwirkungen einiger Antihistaminika haben jedoch das Wirkungsspektrum andererseits erweitert. Dies gilt insbesondere für die zentralnervösen Effekte. Zusammen mit der weiteren Aufklärung der Funktion von Histamin als zentralnervöser Überträgersubstanz wird man bestrebt sein, Antihistaminika zu synthetisieren, die selektiver die zentralen Wirkungen des Histamins zu blockieren vermögen.
    Notes: Summary H1-antihistamines have been used in treatment of allergic disorders for more than 30 years. However, many of them have been employed in a less than systematic fashion. Most of the antihistamines show an apparent dual mechanism of action on isolated organs, consisting of a competitive and a non-competitive component. To induce non-competitive antagonism, higher concentrations are usually required, but for dimethindene the dose ratios for competitive and non-competitive activities differed only by less than one log unit. For therapeutic guidelines it should be considered that some antihistamines loose their effectiveness under long-term treatment and that patients may complain about the sedative side-effects. Thus, for maximum benefit it sometimes appears necessary to change the preparation before a choice for the individual dose is finally made. Under this condition they will cause relief from many allergic symptoms. Nevertheless, the classical antihistamines are without effect in bronchial asthma. The search for new drugs has been successful in this direction, as it has shown the antihistaminic/antiallergic drug Ketotifen to be able to prevent and control bronchial asthma. Many commercial preparations used in the treatment of common cold, vomitus or rhinitis contain an additive in combination with the antihistamines. Some of the additives appear to be of some value since they are used to reduce the side-effects of antihistamines. Secondary pharmacological properties of the antihistamines however provide also additional uses. This holds especially for effects on the CNS. Together with the search for the role played by histamine in the central cell-to-cell communication, new drugs might be found which will inhibit more selectively the action of histamine in the CNS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Theoretical Biology 91 (1981), S. 321-345 
    ISSN: 0022-5193
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 89 (2000), S. III6 
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Key words Tachyarrhythmias – ion channels – automaticity – triggered activity – reentry ; Schlüsselwörter Tachyarrhythmien – Ionenkanäle – Automatie – getriggerte Aktivität – Reentry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Als wesentliche Ursache von Herzrhythmusstörungen sind Änderungen von Ionenströmen durch Ionenkanäle der Myokardzellmembran anzusehen. Drei basale Arrhythmie-Mechanismen lassen sich für das Auftreten von Tachyarrhythmien verantwortlich machen: 1. Die gestörte normale Automatie in kardialen Schrittmacherzellen mit Beteiligung der Ströme If, ICa-L, ICa-T oder IK-ACh,Ado bzw. das Auftreten einer abnormen Automatie im Arbeitsmyokard von Vorhof oder Ventrikel bei Störungen der Ströme ICa-L, INa, IK, IK1 oder IK-ACh,Ado. 2. Die getriggerte Aktivität, die an der Ausbildung früher (EAD) oder später Nachdepolarisationen (LAD) erkennbar ist. EAD beruhen insbesondere auf einer Hemmung der Auswärtsströme IKr und IKs, wobei eine Steigerung der Einwärtsströme INa bzw. ICa-L begünstigend wirkt. Typische Arrhythmien sind die bei K+-Kanal-Hemmstoffen (z. B. Sotalol) oder bei Patienten mit QT-Syndrom auftretenden Torsade de pointes. LAD treten bei Ca2+-Überladung der Myokardzellen (Digitalisintoxikation, Catecholamine) auf und basieren auf dem transienten Einwärtsstrom Iti, an dessen Entstehung die Ströme INa/Cl, INS und ICa-L beteiligt sein können. 3. Reentry-Mechanismen sind die häufigste Ursache für Tachyarrhythmien. Sie entstehen in einem anatomisch definierten Erregungskreis mit unidirektionalem Block. Es lassen sich Na+- und Ca2+-Kanalabhängige Störungen der Erregungsleitung mit langem erregbaren Kreissegment von Na+-Kanalabhängigen Störungen der Erregungsleitung und Refraktärzeit mit kurzem erregbaren Kreissegment unterscheiden. Im ersten Fall gelingt die Unterbrechung des Reentry durch Herabsetzung von Leitung und Erregbarkeit (Na+- bzw. Ca2+-Kanalblocker), im zweiten Fall durch Verlängerung der Refraktärzeit (K+- bzw. Na2+-Kanalblocker).
    Notes: Summary Changes in ionic currents through ion channels of the myocardial cell membrane have to be regarded as main cause of cardiac arrhythmias. Three basic arrhythmogenic mechanisms are responsible for the initiation of tachyarrhythmias: 1. The disturbance of normal automaticity in cardiac pacemaker cells dependent on the currents If, ICa-L, ICa-T or IK-ACh,Ado and the occurrence of abnormal automaticity in atrial and ventricular working myocardium based on the currents ICa-L, INa, IK, IK1 or IK-ACh,Ado. 2. Triggered activity which may be recognized by the appearance of early (EAD) or late afterdepolarizations (LAD). EAD are mainly due to inhibition of the outward currents IKr and IKs and are favoured by an increase in the inward currents INa and ICa-L, respectively. Typical arrhythmias are torsade de pointes occurring during treatment with K+-channel inhibitors (e.g. sotalol) or in patients with QT-syndrome. LAD may be observed during Ca2+-overload of the myocardial cell (digitalis intoxication, catecholamines) and are based on the transient inward current Iti, which is build up by the participation of the currents INa/Ca, INS and ICa-L. 3. Reentry mechanisms are the most frequent cause of tachyarrhythmias. They originate in an anatomically defined excitation circle with unidirectional block. Na+ and Ca2+-channel dependent disturbances of conduction with long excitable gap may be distinguished from Na2+-channel dependent disturbances of conduction and refractory period with short excitable gap. Interruption of reentry is possible in the first case by depression of conduction and excitability (Na2+- or Ca2+-channel blockers), in the second case by increase in refractory period (K+- or Na+-channel blockers).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 29 (1973), S. 1349-1351 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a range from 6 to 30°C, the influence of temperature on the relation between the light intensity and the amplitude of the b-wave of the exposure potential has been investigated for the isolated frog retina. Between 10 and 25°C, the gross activation energy of the response to light leads to a temperature coefficient which shows that the formation of the b-wave is mainly checked by diffusion processes. While at 6°C the b-wave has vanished, a complete delayed off-response can still be registered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Inflammation research 36 (1992), S. C410 
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Five different antihistamines (astemizole, clemastine, dimethindene, pheniramine and terfenadine) were tested for their antagonistic actions on histamine-induced contractions in isolated strips of the aorta and the trachea of the guinea pig. All antagonists led to a shift of the concentration-response curves for histamine and a decrease in the maximal response. pA2-values were calculated from the competitive part of the antagonism, whereas pD′2-values were calculated for the non-competitive part of the antagonism. Marked differences were observed for the various compounds: clemastine and dimethindene with pA2-values for the aorta (trachea) of 9.31 (8.64) and 9.12 (8.39), respectively, showed the highest affinity, whereas pheniramine with a pA2-value for the aorta (trachea) of 7.42 (7.10) showed the lowest affinity. The compounds astemizole and terfenadine took an intermediate position. Similar results were obtained for the non-competitive part of the antagonism with a marked antagonistic effect produced by dimethindene and clemastine (pD′2 values for the aorta: 7.99 and 6.50; trachea: 7.71 and 7.10, respectively) and less suppression of the maximal response for astemizole, terfenadine and pheniramine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 279 (1979), S. 339-341 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Change in the force of contraction in papillary muscle (a) and atria (b). ED50 values (???? l1±s.e.m.) were calculated by fitting the logit function to the experimental data using the least-square method: papillary muscle, guinea pig (D) 110.3± 1.9, cat(*) 124.1±2.6; ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 38 (1977), S. 307-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Methylmethacrylate (MMA) ; Desheathed sciatic nerve ; Sucrose gap method ; Node of Ranvier ; Voltage clamp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß von monomerem Methylmethacrylat (MMA) auf das Ruhe- und Summenaktionspotential des isolierten entscheideten N. ischiadicus des Frosches (Saccharose-Trennwand-Methode) untersucht. Oberhalb von 10 mM trat eine dosisabhängige Abnahme des Summenaktionspotentials und eine Hyperpolarisation der Membran auf, die mit zunehmender MMA-Konzentration anstieg (4.1 mV±0.2 S.E.M. nach 50 mM MMA). Die durch niedrige [Ca2+]0 oder Veratrin hervorgerufene Depolarisation ließ sich durch MMA rückgängig machen. Die homologen Äthyl-, Allyl- und n-Butylester waren wirksamer als MMA, der Isobutylester weniger wirkungsvoll, während Na-Methacrylat und Methacrylsäureamid keinen Einfluß zeigten. Voltage clamp Experimente am isolierten Ranvierschen Schnürring zeigten, daß 50 mM MMA zu einer Abnahme der Na+- und K+-Ströme führten.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of monomeric methylmethacrylate (MMA) on resting and compound action potential of the isolated desheathed sciatic nerve of the frog (sucrose gap method) was determined. Above 10 mM there was a dose-dependent decrease of the compound action potential and a hyperpolarization of the membrane which was augmented with increasing MMA concentrations (4.1 mV±0.2 S.E.M. after 50 mM MMA). The depolarization in low [Ca2+]0 solutions or with veratrine was reversed by MMA. The homologous ethyl, allyl and n-butyl esters were more effective than MMA, and the isobutyl ester less effective, whereas Na-methacrylate and methacrylamide showed no influence. Voltage clamp experiments on the node of Ranvier indicated that 50 mM MMA led to a decrease of the Na+ and K+ currents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 33 (1974), S. 17-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cu(II)-Intoxication ; Isolated Retina ; ERG ; Retinal Cucontent ; d-Penicillamine ; Dimercaprol ; Na-Thiosulfate ; EDTA ; Cu-EDTA ; Cu(II)-Intoxikation ; Isolierte Retina ; ERG ; Cu-Gewebskonzentration ; d-Penicillamin ; Dimercaprol ; Natriumthiosulfat ; EDTA ; Cu-EDTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Untersuchung der toxischen Wirkung von Cu (II)-lonen auf das zentralnervöse Gewebe wurde die isolierte Froschnetzhaut mit Badlösungen von unterschiedlicher CuCl2-Konzentration umströmt. Zur Charakterisierung der Netzhautfunktion diente die b-Wellenamplitude (ϕb) des Belichtungspotentials (ERG) als Meßgröße. Die Cu(II)-Lösungen bewirkten während 30minütiger Applikation eine dosisabhängige Potentialabnahme, die bei 6 μM/l reversibel, bei höheren Konzentrationen jedoch irreversibel war. Die Verlängerung der Applikationsdauer führte bereits bei 6 μM/l zu einem fortschreitenden, irreversiblen Potentialverlust. Ferner wurde der Einfluß der Komplexbildner d-Penicillamin, Dimercaprol, Natriumthiosulfat und EDTA auf die Cu(II)-Intoxikation der Netzhaut untersucht. In Übereinstimmung mit dem Intoxikationsmechanismus, der sich auf die Blockade von Enzymen mit SH-Gruppen zurückführen läßt, bewirkten die SH-Donatoren die beste Detoxikation, wobei entsprechend der klinischen Erfahrung d-Penicillamin einen besonders günstigen Einfluß ausübte. Die Cu-Analyse mit Hilfe der Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie ergab, daß sich der Cu-Gehalt der Netzhaut durch die Umströmung mit Tyrodelösung im Anschluß an die Cu(II)-Intoxikation erheblich reduzieren ließ, obgleich die entsprechende Abnahme des ERG nicht rückgängig zu machen war. Der logarithmische Anstieg der Cu(II)-Konzentration der Badlösung verhielt sich proportional sowohl zum Anstieg des Cu-Gehaltes im Gewebe als auch zur Abnahme des Belichtungspotentials. Eine deutliche Verringerung der Cu-Gewebskonzentration ließ sich nur durch d-Penicillamin herbeiführen.
    Notes: Abstract The isolated frog retina was perfused with bathing-solutions of different CuCl2-concentrations in order to investigate the toxic influence of Cu(II)-ions on the central nervous tissue. The amplitude of the b-wave (ϕb) of the exposure potential (ERG) was used to characterize retinal function. During 30 min of application the Cu(II)-solutions effected a decrease in potential dependent on dosage which was reversible at 6 μM/l but irreversible at higher concentrations. The prolongation of the Cu(II)-application led to a progressive and irreversible loss of potential already at 6 μM/l. Furthermore, the influence of the complexing agents d-penicillamine, dimercaprol, Na-thiosulfate and EDTA on retinal Cu(II)-intoxication was investigated. Corresponding to the mechanism of intoxication, which may by related to the blockade of enzymes containing SH-groups, the SH-donators brought about the best detoxication. The influence of d-penicillamine was especially favorable, which is in agreement with clinical experience. The Cu-analysis by means of the atomic absorption spectrometry showed that the Cu-content of the retina was much reduced if perfusion with Tyrode solution followed Cu(II)-intoxication, inspite of the persistance of the corresponding decrease of the ERG. A logarithmic increase in the Cu(II)-concentration of the bathing solution was proportional to an increase in the retinal Cu-content as well as to a decrease in the exposure potential. A considerable drop in the Cu-content of the tissue could only be effected by d-penicillamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The histamine-receptor subtype mediated effects on action potentials of electrically driven and spontaneously active isolated sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres were investigated using H1-and H2-selective agonists and antagonists. In electrically stimulated Purkinje fibres histamine (3 μmol/l) increased action potential plateau height, decreased action potential duration at −60mV, and enhanced pacemaker activity. These effects were abolished by 30 μmol/l cimetidine (H2-selective antagonist), but not impaired by 0.3 μmol/l dimethindene (H1-selective antagonist). In spontaneously active Purkinje fibres, histamine (10 μmol/l) increased the spontaneous rate by 24%, the slope of diastolic depolarization by 45% and shortened the duration of the diastole at −60mV by 32% of the respective control measurements. These effects were blocked by 30 μmol/l cimetidine, but not by 0.3 μmol/l dimethindene. The concentration-response relationship of histamine was shifted to higher histamine concentrations by approximately 2 logarithmic units in the presence of 30 μmol/l cimetidine, but no displacement was found in the presence of 0.3 μmol/l dimetindene. The H2-selective agonist impromidine (0.001–0.3 μmol/l) has similar actions to histamine on spontaneously active Purkinje fibres, while the H1-selective agonist 2-(2-pyridyl-)ethylamine was ineffective. It is concluded that the pronounced stimulatory action of histamine on spontaneous activity in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres is exclusively mediated by H2-receptors.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The histamine-receptor-subtype-mediated effects on action potentials of electrically driven and spontaneously active isolated sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers were investigated using H1-and H2-selective agonists and antagonists. In electrically stimulated Purkinje fibers, histamine (3 μmol/l) increased the action potential plateau height, decreased the action potential duration measured at a repolarization level of −60 mV and enhanced the pacemaker activity. These effects were abolished by the H2-selective antagonist cimetidine (30 μmol/l), but were not impaired by the H1-selective antagonist dimetindene (0.3 μmol/l). In spontaneously active Purkinje fibers, histamine (10 μmol/l) increased the spontaneous rate by 24%, the slope of diastolic depolarization by 45% and shortened the duration of the diastole by 32% of the respective control measurements. These effects were blocked by 30 μmol/l cimetidine, but remained unchanged in the presence of 0.3 μmol/l dimetindene. Concentration-response curves of histamine were shifted to the right by approximately 2 logarithmic units in the presence of 30 μmol/l cimetidine, but were not influenced in the presence of 0.3 μmol/l dimetindene. The H2-selective agonist impromidine (0.001–0.3 μmol/l) had similar actions as histamine on spontaneously active Purkinje fibers, while the H1-selective agonist 2-(2-pyridyl-)ethylamine was ineffective. It is concluded that the pronounced stimulatory action of histamine on spontaneous activity in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers is exclusively mediated by H2 receptors.
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