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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Inflammation research 36 (1992), S. C410 
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Five different antihistamines (astemizole, clemastine, dimethindene, pheniramine and terfenadine) were tested for their antagonistic actions on histamine-induced contractions in isolated strips of the aorta and the trachea of the guinea pig. All antagonists led to a shift of the concentration-response curves for histamine and a decrease in the maximal response. pA2-values were calculated from the competitive part of the antagonism, whereas pD′2-values were calculated for the non-competitive part of the antagonism. Marked differences were observed for the various compounds: clemastine and dimethindene with pA2-values for the aorta (trachea) of 9.31 (8.64) and 9.12 (8.39), respectively, showed the highest affinity, whereas pheniramine with a pA2-value for the aorta (trachea) of 7.42 (7.10) showed the lowest affinity. The compounds astemizole and terfenadine took an intermediate position. Similar results were obtained for the non-competitive part of the antagonism with a marked antagonistic effect produced by dimethindene and clemastine (pD′2 values for the aorta: 7.99 and 6.50; trachea: 7.71 and 7.10, respectively) and less suppression of the maximal response for astemizole, terfenadine and pheniramine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter M. Parkinson ; Ökonomie ; Krankheitskosten ; Motorische Komplikationen ; Key words Parkinson’s disease ; Cost of illness ; Motor fluctuations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Parkinson’s disease (PD) causes significant expense for the national health care system due to its chronic progressive course, the duration of the disease, the high prevalence and the devastating prognosis. In Germany more than DM 320 million are spent for drugs to alleviate parkinsonian symptoms. The aim of this study was to calculate the economic burden of PD by assessing direct medical costs. Forty patients suffering from idiopathic PD were interviewed at an office of neurological specialists and at an outpatient movement disorder clinic about their use of health care resources 3 months prior to the study. The total annual costs reported were DM 14,500, consisting of DM 6500 for drug therapy and DM 8000 for other medical services, including hospital inpatient care (DM 5600), outpatient care (DM 700), medical sundries (DM 1100) and physiotherapy (DM 600). The costs were positively correlated to the extent of the disease (Hoehn and Yahr stage; HY) and the occurrence of motor fluctuations/dyskinesias.We found that both drug-therapy expenses and total medical costs doubled from HYI to HYIV. The rarely employed s.c. therapy with apomorphine additionally increased the costs of drug therapy in HYV. The occurrence of fluctuations/ dyskinesias also increased medical expenses by approximately a factor of two. Indirect burden due to increased days off of work, unemployment and earlier retirement are also significant in Parkinson’s disease. This study oncludes that a treatment which could prevent or retard disease progression as well as a treatment that delays or reduces motor complications would not only ameliorate the situation of patients suffering from PD, but would also lead to significant reductions in cost for the national health care system.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Parkinson-Erkrankung verursacht beträchtliche Ausgaben für das Gesundheits- und Sozialwesen. Allein in Deutschland werden Arzneimittel mit einem Volumen von ca. DM 320 Mio. für die Behandlung der Parkinson-Erkrankung verschrieben. Ziel dieser Studie mit 40 Patienten mit der Diagnose eines M. Parkinson aus Praxen niedergelassener Neurologen und einer Spezialambulanz für Bewegungsstörungen war es, die Krankheitskosten anhand eines Patientenkolletivs zu berechnen. Die direkten medizinischen Ausgaben wurden anhand retrospektiver Daten, die mittels eines Fragebogens erhoben wurden, für 3 Monate vor Studieneinschluß berechnet. Die direkten medizinischen Kosten der Erkrankung beliefen sich insgesamt auf DM 14500 pro Jahr (DM 6500 für Medikamente, DM 8000 für Leistungen, wie Krankenhausaufenthalt (DM 5600), ärztliche Leistungen (DM 700), Hilfsmittel (DM 1100) und Krankengymnastik (DM 600)). Die medikamentösen sowie die nichtmedikamentösen Kosten zeigten eine direkte Abhängigkeit vom Krankheitsstadium nach Hoehn und Yahr (HY). Die Kosten für Medikamente verdoppelten sich vom HY-Stadium I zum Hoehn-und-Yahr-Stadium IV. Insbesondere die Therapie mit Apomorphin führte in den späten Krankheitsstadien (HY V) zu einer erheblichen Verteuerung der medikamentösen Kosten. Das Auftreten von Fluktuationen und Dyskinesien hatte ebenfalls eine deutliche Zunahme der Ausgaben zur Folge; hier war die Behandlung um den Faktor 2 teurer als bei Patienten ohne Fluktuationen. Indirekte Kosten durch Arbeitsausfall und Frühverrentung sind als weitere wichtige Kostenfaktoren beim M. Parkinson anzusehen. Der Einhalt bzw. die Verlangsamung der Progression der Erkrankung oder die Verzögerung von motorischen Komplikationen würden nicht nur eine deutliche Verbesserung für die Behandlung von Parkinson-Patienten zur Folge haben, sondern wären auch von signifikanter ökonomischer Relevanz für die Gesellschaft und das Gesundheitssystem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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