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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalization study with some narcotic and nonnarcotic durgs in rats trained for morphine-saline discrimination (1978)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 60 (1978), S. 103-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Narcotic discrimination ; Morphine ; Propoxyphene ; Fentanyl ; Sulfentanyl ; Alcohol ; Azaperone ; Clonidine ; Pentobarbital ; Naloxone ; Parachloroamphetamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to lever-press on an FR-10 schedule for food reinforcement, and to respond differentially on two levers while discriminating the effects of morphine (10 mg/kg) injection from those of saline (1 ml/kg). Following discrimination training, the morphine stimulus was generalized to propoxyphene, methadone, fentanyl, and sulfentanyl in a dose-dependent manner, and saline was generalized to alcohol, pentobarbital, azaperone, clonidine, naloxone, and pchloroamphetamine. p-Chloroamphetamine failed to block the morphine stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429187
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discriminative stimulus properties of pentylenetetrazol and bemegride: Some generalization and antagonism tests (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 64 (1979), S. 315-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Pentylenetetrazol ; Anxiolytics ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Diazepam ; Flurazepam ; Clobazam ; Meprobamate ; Cocaine ; Nicotine ; CNS stimulants ; Bemegride ; d-Amphetamine ; Methylphenidate ; Anxiety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In an operant procedure of lever pressing on a FR 10 schedule of food reinforcement, male hooded rats were trained to respond with a lever on one side of a food cup following a drug injection, and to respond with a lever on the alternate side following a 1ml/kg saline injection. All of 14 subjects learned to discriminate reliably between the effects of 20 mg/kg pentylene-tetrazol (PTZ) and saline. Seven of eight rats learned to discriminate between the effects of bemegride (5 mg/kg) and saline. None of 14 rats learned to discriminate between 5 mg/kg PTZ and saline. The bemegride discriminative stimulus generalized to PTZ (20 mg/kg) and was antagonized by chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg). Chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, flurazepam, clobazam, and meprobamate were all effective antagonists of PTZ in a dose-dependent manner. Bemegride and cocaine generalized to the PTZ discriminative stimulus in a dose-dependent manner, but d-amphetamine, methylphenidate, and nicotine did not. Since bemegride and PTZ are convulsants at higher doses, the discriminative stimulus properties of these drugs might be based on a subtle convulsive brain state. The anxiolytic properties of benzodiazepines and meprobamate suggest that the discriminative stimulus produced by these convulsants is related to an “anxiety-inducing” action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427516
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential antagonism by the anticholinergic dexetimide of inhibitory effects of haloperidol and fentanyl on brain self-stimulation (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 41 (1975), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Haloperidol ; Fentanyl ; Dexetimide ; Brain Self-Stimulation ; Medial Forebrain Bundle ; Dopamine ; Neostriatum ; Antipsychotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Haloperidol (0.08 mg/kg) or fentanyl (0.16 mg/kg) injected subcutaneously suppressed bar-pressing for brain-stimulation in rats, implanted with electrodes in the lateral hypothalamic area of the medial forebrain bundle. Increasing doses: 0.04, 0.16, 0.63 and 2.50 mg/kg of the central anticholinergic dexetimide gradually antagonized the haloperidol effects. The highest dose of dexetimide did not reduce the fentanyl-induced inhibition. The results, together with a literature survey on the anticholinergic effects on neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and inhibition of avoidance behavior, are related to biochemical findings and clinical effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428929
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of loperamide, haloperidol and methadone in rats trained to discriminate morphine from saline (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 41 (1975), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Associated Discrimination ; Methadone ; Loperamide ; Haloperidol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In an operant procedure of lever pressing at FR10 schedule of food reinforcement, rats were trained to respond differentially in order to discriminate the effects of morphine (10 mg/kg) injection from those of saline injection. These rats learned to press a lever on one side after morphine injection and a lever on the opposite side after saline injection. In subsequent testing, these rats reliably emitted responses on the morphine lever after 10 or 20 mg/kg of morphine IP, 50 mg/kg of morphine given orally or 2 mg/kg methadone. Two mg/kg of morphine (or 10 or 20 mg/kg given orally) was recognized as saline. In contrast, after either loperamide (an antidiarrheal drug) given in doses up to 10 mg/kg or haloperidol (a neuroleptic) given in doses up to 0.32 mg/kg, all responses were made on the saline lever. Higher doses suppressed responding. Since neither the antidiarrheal activity nor the neuroleptic activity was sufficient to provide the discriminable cue associated with morphine, it is suggested that specific central effects produced only by narcotic analgesics are the basis for these morphine cues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428935
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduction of morphine-withdrawal aggression by conditional social stimuli (1976)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 48 (1976), S. 115-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine addiction ; Conditioning ; Withdrawal ; Aggression ; Vocalization ; Rearing ; Social stimuli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixty male hooded rats were made physically dependent on morphine by steadily increasing doses of morphine sulphate. A maintenance dose of 400 mg/kg/day was reached in 10 days and was continued for 5 additional days. At the end of the 15-day period all rats were withdrawn for 72 h and aggressive responses (attacks, rearing, and vocalization) were recorded for a 60-min period. One treatment group, in which a social experience had been paired with each morphine injection, showed significantly less morphine-withdrawal aggression than rats in two other groups which either remained socially isolated throughout the addiction period, or were grouped both at the time of morphine injection and during between-injection intervals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423316
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tolerance to morphine-produced discriminative stimuli and analgesia (1977)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 54 (1977), S. 217-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Analgesia ; Tolerance ; Morphine ; Tail-withdrawal reflex ; Pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male hooded rats were trained in Skinner boxes to press one lever after a morphine injection (10 mg/kg) and another lever after a saline injection (1 ml/kg) on an FR 10 schedule of food reinforcement. After the drug discrimination was well established, the rats were tested for stimulus generalization at different doses of morphine, followed by assessment of tail withdrawal latency as a measure of analgesia. Subjects were then administered increasing doses of morphine sulphate to induce and increased level of tolerance. New dose-response curves indicated that tolerance developed to the morphine-induced discriminative stimulus, and to the analgesic action of morphine, but doses of morphine that failed to cause detectable analgesia still produced a pronounced discriminative stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426783
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on morphine-withdrawal syndrome (1976)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 49 (1976), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pilocarpine ; Atropine ; Dexetimide ; Methylscopolamine ; Morphine addiction ; Narcotic withdrawal ; Aggression ; Wet shakes ; Diarrhea ; Dopamine ; Acetylcholine interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of pilocarpine, atropine and dexetimide were studied on the occurrence and intensity of morphine-withdrawal signs observed after cessation of chronic morphine injections. Pilocarpine was effective in reducing both ‘wet-dog’ like body shakes and aggression but it increased diarrhea and weight loss. Pretreatment with atropine blocked all of the effects of pilocarpine on withdrawal signs. Methylscopolamine pretreatment blocked only diarrhea. The administration of atropine or dexetimide produced no significant effect on any of the withdrawal signs. These results indicate a role for central cholinergic mechanism in narcotic withdrawal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427289
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paradoxical absence of aggression during naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 43 (1975), S. 43-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Aggression ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Apomorphine ; Amphetamine ; Narcotic Withdrawal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aggression, which is normally seen during withdrawal from narcotics, could not be produced in morphine-dependent rats by the administration of naloxone at doses which cause other signs of withdrawal. Apomorphine injected instead of naloxone was capable of producing aggression, without other withdrawal signs. Naturally occurring aggression (72-hr withdrawal) was enhanced by apomorphine and unaffected by naloxone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437613
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