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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 205 (1997), S. 158-164 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Adulteration ; Carbon-13 ; Citric acid ; Ethanol ; Malic acid ; Tartaric acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The δ13C-values of organic acids and their correlations to those of the sugar and ethanol, respectively, from 57 EU data bank wines of the Rheinpfalz area (years 1991 – 1993) and from some of their corresponding musts have been determined. In addition to the well established difference between fermented sugar and ethanol (Δδ13C = –1.7±0.2‰), a new constant correlation was found in wine for ethanol and citric acid (Δδ13C = +2.4±0.4‰). From this result a fixed δ-value difference for citric acid in wine to the fermented sugar of +0.7±0.6‰ can be deduced. The δ13C-values of L-malic acid and L-tartaric acid in must were not altered by the alcoholic fermentation; they should therefore directly provide access to the δ13C-value of the natural sugar in must. However, in non-adulterated wines the expected δ13C-value differences between these acids and ethanol showed unsatisfactory correlation coefficients. For L-malate this is attributed to the secondary (partial) degradation of this acid by the malolactic fermentation; a corresponding correction is envisaged in order to make L-malate available as an internal standard. As a reason for the unsatisfactory correlation between L-tartaric acid and ethanol, it is supposed that the time of its maximum biosynthesis period does not coincide with that of glucose in the grape ripening period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 208 (1999), S. 400-407 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Wine ; Oxygen isotopes ; Adulteration control ; Origin assignment ; European Union data bank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The application of oxygen isotope analysis to wine water (according to EU regulation no. 822/97) to determine a wine's origin, and check that it has not been adulterated is gaining increasing importance in both laboratories and industry. Using samples of Italian, French and German wines from the EU wine data bank (EU-DB), good agreement between the results from participating laboratories was demonstrated. Close correlations between the oxygen isotope contents of must and related wine water were found for samples from all countries. Based on the results of the δ18O values for EU-DB wines from 1991 to 1996 from Italy, France and Germany, we describe and discuss the main factors which are responsible for the variation of the oxygen isotope ratios of wine water. The examination of spiked samples demonstrated the usefulness of δ18O analysis for the detection of the watering down of wine. The possibility of origin assignment, preferably if the determination of the δ18O value by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is employed together with the determination of the site-specific hydrogen isotope content of wine ethanol by 2H-NMR and the measurement of δ13C values of ethanol by IRMS, is outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 207 (1998), S. 237-243 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words 2H-Nuclear magnetic resonance ; 13C ; 18O-Isotope ratio mass spectrometry ; Glycerol ; Origin assignment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The adulteration of wine with glycerol is considered to be a problem in European wine-producing countries. The latest control methods are mainly based on the detection of impurities from commercial products, but suffer from the raising efficiency of the purification processes. As there is little chance of being able to identify glycerol from different sources on the basis of a method which uses only one isotope, a multielement approach was tested. Glycerol from wine showed the lowest relative enrichment with D, mainly in position C-2, a relatively high 18O content, and very negative δ13C values, which significantly correlated with those of ethanol from the same wines. The isotopic data of glycerol samples from different sources were in agreement with those given by indices of origin (impurities). These data allowed us to identify the origin of these glycerol samples, i.e. whether they were produced industrially or synthesised by animals or plants. Glycerol of plant origin was most similar to glycerol found in wine. The combination of several isotopic data by discriminance analysis yielded clusters of data obtained from glycerol samples of similar origin. Taking into account the characteristics of possible mixtures, proof that wine has been adulterated depends on the origin and isotope levels of the added compound. This study showed that it is possible to prove that wine has been adulterated with glycerol from other sources when the latter is present at a concentration of 15% of the total glycerol content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 47 (1998), S. 81-82 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Inhalationsanästhesie ; Sevofluran ; Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse ; Kostenkontrolle ; Key words Anaesthetics ; Inhalation ; Sevoflurane ; Cost-effectiveness ; Cost control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The economic impact of the new German health care laws requires an awareness of cost-effectiveness when using newer drugs. The main goal in patient care, i.e., effective treatment, must be achieved by the rational use of restricted resources at a maximum degree of effectiveness. Economic aspects of the new inhalational anaesthetics such as sevoflurane are discussed in this article. The cost of inhalational anaesthetic agents accounts for up to 5% of all the running expenses of an anaesthesia department. The consumption and cost of an inhalational agent depend on fresh gas flow, vapour setting, and duration of anaesthesia. Comparing the cost for 1 MAC-h of anaesthesia, desflurane is more expensive at current market prices than sevoflurane and isoflurane. However, at low or minimal fresh-gas flows, the price for one MAC-h is almost the same for these volatile anaesthetics. Total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol is even more expensive, partly due to wastage, i.e., opened ampoules with a remainder of propofol that has to be discarded after each case. When choosing an anaesthetic agent, the price of 1 ml liquid anaesthetic is an important factor. However, the overall cost-effectiveness analysis must balance the cost of the agent with its pharmacodynamic advantages such as more rapid recovery from anaesthesia. Furthermore, the indirect costs of side effects have to be taken into account. For example, nausea and vomiting lead to a prolonged stay in the recovery room after anaesthesia for outpatient surgery, which in turn incurs additional costs for antiemetic drugs and the extra time for nursing care. Therefore, a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting and a more rapid recovery from anaesthesia leading to earlier discharge from the recovery room may compensate for the higher price. Volatile agents account for up to 1% of the total intraoperative costs. In analysing the costs of 1 h of anaesthesia, other products such as plasma substitutes and blood products account for a much higher proportion than anaesthetic agents, and reductions or increases in costs pertaining to these products have a bigger impact on overall costs than do volatile anaesthetics. We conclude that volatile anaesthetics account for only a minor portion of the anaesthesia department budget and the cost of anaesthesia delivery. The higher market price of the new agents may be compensated for by the economic impact of fewer side effects and a shorter post-anaesthesia stay in the hospital. In analysing data for sevoflurane, this agent may be cost-effective, for example, for outpatient anaesthesia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die veränderten ökonomischen Bedingungen aufgrund des Gesundheitsstrukturgesetztes machen Kosten-Effektivitätsanalysen bei der Einführung neuer Medikamente erforderlich. Das Hauptziel der Patientenversorgung, nämlich die effektivste Behandlung, muß unter maximaler Effizienzsteigerung angesichts der beschränkten Ressourcen erreicht werden. Am Beispiel der modernen Inhalationsanästhetika, insbesondere des Sevofluran, werden die für den Anästhesisten ökonomisch relevanten Aspekte dargestellt. Inhalationsanästhetika verursachen nur ca. 5% der Sachkosten einer Anästhesieabteilung. Die Kosten für eine einzelne Inhalationsanästhesie hängen neben den Einkaufskosten für diese Substanzen im wesentlichen von dem Frischgasfluß, der Vaporeinstellung und der Anästhesiedauer ab. Beim Vergleich einer MAC-Stunde ist bei den aktuellen Preisen die Inhalationsanästhesie mit Desfluran teurer als die mit Sevofluran oder Isofluran, wobei sich jedoch unter low- und minimal-flow Bedingungen die Kosten annähern. Die Kosten für das Inhalationsanästhetikum betragen bis zu 1% der intraoperativen Kosten einer Fallpauschale. Andere Faktoren wie z.B. die Personalkosten oder die Sachkosten für Plasmasubstitute oder Blutprodukte sind für höhere Kostenanteile verantwortlich, so daß sich Einsparungen oder Mehrkosten in diesen Bereichen wesentlich stärker auswirken als bei dem Kostenfaktor Inhalationsanästhetikum. Eine Kosten-Effektivitätsanalyse am Beispiel der Inhalationsanästhetika muß nicht nur den Einkaufspreis der jeweiligen Substanz, sondern die Gesamtkosten mit einschließen, die durch unterschiedliche Nebenwirkungen oder differente postnarkostisch notwendige Überwachungszeiten bedingt sind. Am Beispiel des Sevofluran kann nach den bisherigen Daten für einige Einsatzgebiete wie z.B. die ambulante Tageschirurgie errechnet werden, daß dieses Inhalationsanästhetikum aufgrund der kürzeren notwendigen Betreuung im Aufwachraum trotz des höheren Einkaufspreises kosteneffektiv ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 4 (1964), S. 46-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Cortical contusions were produced by one time percussion-concussion. A blood brain barrier disorder was proved by intra-vital staining with Geigy-blue. Already a few minutes after traumatisation the contusions showed blue colour which regularly could be recognized up to two hours. As shown by the histological studies, the manifestation was independent of the occurrence of haemorrhages characteristic of the early stages of contusion. Therefore it is presumed that functional vascular disturbances play an important role in the genesis of cortical contusions. It is supposed that the cortical contusions represent a morphological intensity-variant of the traumatic cortical lesions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Vitalfärbung mit Geigyblau konnte in experimentell durch einmalige Perkussionserschütterung erzeugten Rindenkontusionsherden der Nachweis einer Bluthirnschrankenstörung geführt werden, die sich schon wenige Minuten nach der Gewalteinwirkung durch Blaufärbung des Kontusionsherdes zu erkennen gab und regelmäßig noch 2 Std später feststellbar war. Ihre Manifestation erfolgte, wie sich auf Grund histologischer Kontrolluntersuchungen ergab, unabhängig davon, ob in den Kontusionsherden die für das Frühstadium derselben charakteristischen Hämorrhagien vorhanden waren oder fehlten. Es wird daher nicht nur angenommen, daß funktionelle Durchblutungsstörungen bei der Entstehung der Rindenkontusionsherde die bestimmende Rolle spielen, sondern auch für wahrscheinlich gehalten, daß die Rindenkontusionsherde nur eine morphologische Intensitätsvariante traumatischer Hirnrindenschäden darstellen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 42 (1964), S. 196-198 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Clots of citrated plasma are produced in vitro by recalcification. Under the influence of small doses of streptokinase, macroscopically is to be seen a significant diminution of these clots. In electron microscopy the superficial stratum of the fibrin clot shows a loss of bands and a partly splitting in direction of the fibril axis. These changes are interpreted as signs of lysis in macromolecular sphere which precedes lysis of the fibrin fibrils in molecular sphere.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In vitro hergestellte Citratplasmagerinnsel zeigen nach 24stündiger Einwirkung relativ kleiner Dosen von Streptokinase eine makroskopisch zu erkennende deutliche Verkleinerung als Folge einer Teillyse. Im elektronenmikroskopischen Bild sind an den oberflächlichen Fibrinfasern ein Verlust der Querstreifung und teilweise Aufspaltungen in der Längsrichtung der Fasern zu erkennen. Diese Veränderungen werden als Lysevorgänge in der makromolekularen Ordnung angesprochen, die der Auflösung der Fibrinfasern im molekularen Bereich vorausgehen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 41 (1963), S. 1010-1014 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nur in vitro-Versuche mit Zugabe der Streptokinase nach der Gerinnung („äußere Lyse“) sind mit den therapeutischen Verhältnissen bei der Behandlung thromboembolischer Erkrankungen vergleichbar. In Erweiterung früherer Versuche wurden Nativblut- und Citratplasmagerinnsel in vitro extrem hohen Streptokinasedosen ausgesetzt. Während es an den Citratplasmagerinnseln zu einer völligen Lyse kommt, zeigen die Nativblutgerinnsel keinerlei Auflösung. Unter Luftabschluß gebildete Nativblutgerinnsel zeigten unter Streptokinase weder bei Luftzutritt noch bei Luftabschluß während des Lyseversuches eine Lösung. Unter Luftabschluß gebildete Citratblutgerinnsel zeigten auch im Lyseversuch unter Luftabschluß eine deutliche Verkleinerung. Mit dem Präparat Varidase, das neben Streptokinase auch Streptodornase enthält, kommt es zu den gleichen Versuchsergebnissen wie mit Streptokinase allein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 41 (1963), S. 1200-1203 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Prüfung des Mechanismus der Fibrinolyse werden Gerinnsel aus gleichen Mengen von recalcifiziertem Citratplasma in Röhrchen verschiedener Weite gleichen Streptokinasemengen in physiologischer Kochsalzlösung ausgesetzt. Hierbei ergibt sich, daß die Lysegeschwindigkeit bei gleicher Streptokinasemenge der Berührungsoberfläche des Gerinnsels mit der Streptokinase proportional ist, daß die Lyse von den Gerinnseloberfläche her schichtweise fortschreitet und daß die Gerinnsel nicht von innen nach außen aufgebrochen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the population genetics of the meiofaunal polychaete Petitia amphophthalma Siewing, 1956, in which the RAPD-PCR method was applied to 103 individuals from eight populations, some of them very far apart (Atlantic: Florida, Tenerife, France; Mediterranean: two Greek islands, Tunisia; Red Sea: Egypt), gave closely reproducible results. In the band patterns produced with 13 decamer primers, a total of 195 genetic characters was detected. The data were evaluated by a number of methods, including the cluster programs UPGMA, WPGMA and neighbour-joining. The detected genetic distances between the populations vary between 58.9 and 66.6, but 97% of the genetic characters, although polymorphic, are found in at least two populations and usually in all the others as well. Phenograms of the analyses find four population clusters [Florida, France (Atlantic), the Mediterranean and Tenerife]. They are, however, not completely congruent and show low bootstrap values at the junction points of the clusters (with the exception of the Tenerife cluster). Mediterranean P. amphophthalma form a cohesive population, although within it the genetic distances are graded in parallel with the geographic distances between the sites. The colonization of Tenerife, an island of relatively recent volcanic origin, can be taken as evidence that this meiofaunal species can become dispersed not only along coastlines but also across expanses of open water. However, the severely restricted variability of these populations implies that in this case a founder effect has operated, and that transport over open water is not a routine event but extremely rare. The absence of the species on the Australian coast and, for instance, on the Galapagos Islands indicates that there has been no continuous gene flow across the oceans. The idea that all the populations investigated belong to one cosmopolitan species is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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