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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 3662-3664 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Front-illuminated PtSi–n–Si Schottky barrier photodiodes have been developed for the ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet spectral range. Their spectral responsivity was determined in the 120–500 nm spectral range by use of a cryogenic electrical substitution radiometer operated with spectrally dispersed synchrotron radiation. For wavelengths below 250 nm, the spectral responsivity is about 0.03 A/W, comparable to that of GaAsP Schottky photodiodes. Unlike the GaAsP diodes, the new PtSi–n–Si diodes have a spatially uniform response which is virtually stable after prolonged exposure to short wavelength radiation. Even after a radiant exposure of 150 mJ cm−2 at wavelength 120 nm, the relative reduction in spectral responsivity remains below 0.2%. Due to these features, this type of photodiode is a promising candidate for use as secondary detector standard in the ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet spectral ranges. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Small cantilevers allow for faster imaging and faster force spectroscopy of single biopolymers than previously possible because they have higher resonant frequencies and lower coefficients of viscous damping. We have used a new prototype atomic force microscope with small cantilevers to produce stable tapping-mode images (1 μm×1 μm) in liquid of DNA adsorbed onto mica in as little as 1.7 s per image. We have also used these cantilevers to observe the forced unfolding of individual titin molecules on a time scale an order of magnitude faster than previously reported. These experiments demonstrate that a new generation of atomic force microscopes using small cantilevers will enable us to study biological processes with greater time resolution. Furthermore, these instruments allow us to narrow the gap in time between results from force spectroscopy experiments and molecular dynamics calculations. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 111 (1999), S. 386-397 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have studied the ultraviolet laser-induced desorption of NO molecules from an epitaxial film of NiO(100) on Ni(100) for pulse durations of 550 fs and at a photon energy of 3.95 eV. For applied laser intensities up to 450 MW/cm2, the highest intensities employed in this work, a linear dependence of the desorption yield on the laser intensity is observed. A desorption cross section of (1.9±0.3)⋅10−17 cm2 is then derived. The molecules are detected with rovibrational state selectivity by (1+1)-REMPI via the A 2Σ+(v′=0,1,2,3)←X 2Π(v″=0,1,2,3) γ-band transitions. The rotational population distributions are nonthermal, with rotational temperatures of about 290 K at low and of about 770 K at high rotational energies. The relative populations in the 2Π1/2 and 2Π3/2 fine-structure states and of the Λ-doublet states are examined for the given set of (v″,J″) quantum numbers. The vibrational states v″〉0 are significantly populated approaching vibrational temperatures of 3800 K. Velocity distributions of the desorbed molecules are measured for individual rovibrational states. Bimodal distributions with a distinct rotational-translational coupling are observed. Further, molecules desorbing in the excited fine-structure state 2Π3/2 show a higher velocity than those desorbing in 2Π1/2. The results are compared with earlier ones obtained for the same system with nanosecond desorption pulses at hν=6.4 eV. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 9 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Emissions of N2O were measured during the growth season over a year from grass swards under ambient (360 μL L−1) and elevated (600 μL L−1) CO2 partial pressures at the Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiment, Eschikon, Switzerland. Measurements were made following high (56 g N m−2 yr−1) and low (14 g N m−2 yr−1) rates of fertilizer application, split over 5 re-growth periods, to Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens and mixed Lolium/Trifolium swards. Elevated pCO2 increased annual emissions of N2O from the high fertilized Lolium and mixed Lolium/Trifolium swards resulting in increases in GWP (N2O emissions) of 179 and 111 g CO2 equivalents m−2, respectively, compared with the GWP of ambient pCO2 swards, but had no significant effect on annual emissions from Trifolium monoculture swards. The greater emissions from the high fertilized elevated pCO2Lolium swards were attributed to greater below-ground C allocation under elevated pCO2 providing the energy for denitrification in the presence of excess mineral N. An annual emission of 959 mg N2O-N m−2 yr−1 (1.7% of fertilizer N applied) was measured from the high fertilized Lolium sward under elevated pCO2. The magnitude of emissions varied throughout the year with 84% of the total emission from the elevated pCO2Lolium swards measured during the first two re-growths (April–June 2001). This was associated with higher rainfall and soil water contents at this time of year. Trends in emissions varied between the first two re-growths (April–June 2001) and the third, fourth and fifth re-growths (late June–October 2000), with available soil NO3− and rainfall explaining 70%, and soil water content explaining 72% of the variability in N2O in these periods, respectively. Caution is therefore required when extrapolating from short-term measurements to predict long-term responses to global climate change. Our findings are of global significance as increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 may, depending on sward composition and fertilizer management, increase greenhouse gas emissions of N2O, thereby exacerbating the forcing effect of elevated CO2 on global climate. Our results suggest that when applying high rates of N fertilizer to grassland systems, Trifolium repens swards, or a greater component of Trifolium in mixed swards, may minimize the negative effect of continued increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations on global warming.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The filamentous bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor undergoes a complex process of morphological differentiation involving the formation of a dense lawn of aerial hyphae that grow away from the colony surface into the air to form an aerial mycelium. Bald mutants of S. coelicolor, which are blocked in aerial mycelium formation, regain the capacity to erect aerial structures when exposed to a small hydrophobic protein called SapB, whose synthesis is temporally and spatially correlated with morphological differentiation. We now report that SapB is a surfactant that is capable of reducing the surface tension of water from 72 mJ m−2 to 30 mJ m−2 at a concentration of 50 μg ml−1. We also report that SapB, like the surface-active peptide streptofactin produced by the species S. tendae, was capable of restoring the capacity of bald mutants of S. tendae to erect aerial structures. Strikingly, a member (SC3) of the hydrophobin family of fungal proteins involved in the erection of aerial hyphae in the filamentous fungus Schizophyllum commune was also capable of restoring the capacity of S. coelicolor and S. tendae bald mutants to erect aerial structures. SC3 is unrelated in structure to SapB and streptofactin but, like the streptomycetes proteins, the fungal protein is a surface active agent. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that aerial structures produced in response to both the bacterial or the fungal proteins were undifferentiated vegetative hyphae that had grown away from the colony surface but had not commenced the process of spore formation. We conclude that the production of SapB and streptofactin at the start of morphological differentiation contributes to the erection of aerial hyphae by decreasing the surface tension at the colony surface but that subsequent morphogenesis requires additional developmentally regulated events under the control of bald genes.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Key words Cervical spine • Traumatic atlantoaxial instability • Transarticular screw Fixation C1/C2 • Minimally invasive technique ; Schlüsselwörter Halswirbelsäule • Atlantoaxiale Instabilität • Transartikuläre Verschraubung C1/C2 • Minimal-invasive Technik
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Spondylodese C1/C2 mit dorsaler transartikulärer Verschraubung stellt bei traumatischen atlantoaxialen Instabilitäten das Verfahren der Wahl dar. Beim offenem Vorgehen müssen die empfindlichen Weichteile des Nackens bis zum 7. Halswirbel freigelegt werden, um die Bohrmaschine weit genug absenken und die Schrauben steil genug einbringen zu können. Zur Verringerung des Weichteiltraumas wurden deshalb von verschiedenen Autoren eine perkutane Technik angegeben. Wir analysierten die von uns mit beiden Verfahren behandelten Patienten der Jahre 1995–1998, um zu prüfen, ob die perkutane Technik Vorteile bietet. 30 Patienten mit traumatischer sagittaler atlantoaxialer Instabilität wurden von dorsal transartikulär verschraubt. 19mal verwendeten wir die perkutane Technik mit Hilfe des Spezialinstrumentariums von McGuire und Harkey. Anhand der postoperativen Röntgenaufnahmen wurde in der Sagittalebene der Winkel zwischen Axisgrundplatte und Schrauben gemessen; 6–24 Monate nach dem Unfall wurden 26 Patienten nachuntersucht, 4 waren zum Zeitpunkt der Nachuntersuchung verstorben. Der Schraubenwinkel war bei der perkutanen Technik größer als beim offenen Vorgehen. Die Mittelwerte (M) beider Gruppen unterschieden sich um 10 ° (perkutan: M = 73,9 °, offen: M = 63,9 °, t-Test: p = 0,001). Die Operationszeit bei perkutaner Technik war im Schnitt 35 min kürzer (93 zu 128 min, t-Test: p = 0,05). Jeweils 2 Patienten beider Gruppen verstarben aufgrund von Begleitverletzungen oder maligner Erkrankungen. Bei der Nachuntersuchung von 26 Patienten waren alle Spondylodesen radiologisch durchbaut. Die Schraubenlage hatte sich nur in einem Fall mit offener Technik geringfügig geändert. Die Beweglichkeit der HWS war in beiden Gruppen gleich stark eingeschränkt. Die subjektive Beurteilung bezüglich Schmerzfreiheit und Funktion mit Hilfe einer Visualanalogskala und eines speziellen Erfassungsbogens ergab Vorteile zugunsten der Gruppe mit perkutaner Technik (z. B.: Schmerzfreiheit: 43 (perkutan) zu 39 (offen) Punkte, t-Test: p = 0,05). Vor der Verletzung hatten die Patienten beider Gruppen vergleichbare Scores aufgewiesen. Die weichteilschonende, perkutane Technik der transartikulären Verschraubung C1/C2 unter Verwendung eines Spezialinstrumentariums erlaubt eine bessere und einfachere Schraubenplazierung. Dies führt auch zu einer kürzeren Operationszeit und – vermutlich durch geringere Schädigung der Nackenmuskulatur – zu besseren subjektiven Ergebnissen. Die Methode besitzt besonders große Vorteile bei solchen Patienten, die nur eine temporäre Stabilisierung des C1/C2-Komplexes ohne Fusion benötigen.
    Notes: Summary For posttraumatic atlantoaxial instabilities posterior transarticular screw fixation according to Magerl represents the treatment of choice. In order to be able to insert the screws steep enough the soft tissues of the neck have to be dissected down to C7. Several authors therefore described a percutaneous technique. We analysed 30 patients with a sagittal atlantoaxial instability treated with one of both methods between the years 1995 and 1998 to detect amny differences of either technique. In 19 cases we used a modified percutaneous technique with special instruments as has been published by McGuire and Harkey. On lateral plain films the angle between the screws and the lower endplate of C2 was measured. 6 to 24 months after the accident 26 patients could be seen clinically and controlled radiologically, 4 patients had died in the meanwhile. The angle of the screws were significantly different with 10 degrees (percutaneous group 73,9 degrees, open group 63,9 degrees, p = 0,001). Time needed for the operativ procedure averaged 35 minutes shorter with the canulated technique (93 to 128 minutes, p = 0.05). All posterior fusions had healed radiologically. Active motion of the c-spine was restricted in both groups equally. We checked subjective criteria concerning pain and function with a visual analog scale and a special score. With these instruments advantages for the percutaneous procedure could be found (freedom of pain 43 points (percutaneous) versus 39 points (open), p = 0.05). We conclude that the soft tissue preserving percutaneous technique of screw application for C1/C2 posterior fusion allows for a better and easier placement of screws. It also leads to a shorter operating time and better subjective results. The method offers particularly advantages in cases where only a temporary satbilization of the C1/C2 complex without a regular fusion is needed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Key words Car accident • Fracture of the foot • Injury mechanism • Long-term outcome ; Schlüsselwörter PKW-Unfall • Fußfraktur • Verletzungsmechanismus • Langzeitfolgen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 6378 Verkehrsunfällen mit 8931 Verletzten zwischen 1973 und 1989 im Großraum Hannover wurden 3267 PKW-Insassen mit Frakturen registriert. Davon hatten 148 (4,5 %) Personen Frakturen im Fußbereich erlitten. Die Unfalldaten wurden in Hinblick auf Verletzungsentstehung, -art und -ausmaß ausgewertet und die Verletzungsfolgen anhand von Langzeituntersuchungen evaluiert. Bei der Entstehung der Fußfrakturen spielte die Deformierung des Fußraums die wesentliche Rolle. Fahrer und Beifahrer erlitten ähnlich schwere Verletzungen. Bei den 286 Frakturen war der Vorfuß am häufigsten betroffen (45 %), gefolgt von OSG (35 %), Mittelfuß (11 %) und Rückfuß (6 %). Der Anteil der offenen Frakturen betrug 5 %. Die Klassifikation erfolgte nach der „Abbreviated Injury Scale“ (AIS) für die untere Extremität. Die Langzeitfolgen wurden anhand der fußverletzungsbedingten Minderung der Erwerbsfähigkeit (MdE) im Verhältnis zur gesamten MdE abgeschätzt. Diese Auswertung ergab, daß die Fußfrakturen vor allem bei erheblichen Begleitverletzungen bei der Primäruntersuchung oft nicht erkannt oder unterschätzt wurden. Die Langzeitfolgen gingen häufig mit einer erheblichen fußverletzungsbedingten Invalidisierung einher.
    Notes: Summary During 1973 and 1989, 6,378 car accidents with 8,931 injured persons were evaluated in the area of Hannover. 3,267 car drivers and passengers sustained fractures overall and 148 (4,5 %) fractures of the foot. A major role in the ethiology of the foot fractures evolves from the deformation of the foot room. Driver and front seat passenger showed similar injuries. Among the 286 single fractures, the forefoot was affected most often (45 %), followed by ankle (38 %), midfoot (11 %) and hindfoot (6 %). 5 % were open fractures. The long term results were estimated upon the limitation of working ability caused by the foot injury in relation to the entire working ability. The evaluation concludes that the foot fractures especially in combination with other injuries were frequently not recognized within the primary examination and therefore underestimated. The long-term outcome leaded to a high degree of impairment due to foot fractures.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Key words Car accident • Whiplash-type neck distortion ; Duration of complaints • Injury mechanism ; Prognostic factors ; Schlüsselwörter PKW-Unfall • HWS-Distorsion • Beschwerdedauer • Verletzungsmechanismus • Prognostische Faktoren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei einer Unfallanalyse von 3.838 gurtgeschützten, angeschnallten PKW-Fahrer/-innen stieg der Anteil der HWS-Distorsionen von unter 10 % 1985 auf über 30 % 1997. Überwiegend traten diese bei frontalen oder mehrfachen Kollisionen auf. Nur bei 15 % der Patienten wurde die Verletzung durch einen reinen Heckanprall ausgelöst. In 23,2 % betrug δv 10 km/h und weniger, was einem sehr leichten Unfall entspricht. Bei frontalen Kollisionen wurde das höchste durchschnittliche δv erreicht; 1.136 der Verletzten wurden angeschrieben, um Dauer und Art eventueller Beschwerden zu ermitteln. Von den 138 Patienten, die den Fragebogen zurücksendeten gaben 121 (88 %) Beschwerden an. Es handelte sich dabei um Schmerzen (74 %), Verspannungen (6 %) und Bewegungseinschränkungen (5 %) im Bereich von Kopf (27 %), Nacken (55 %) und Schulter (8 %). Die Dauer der Beschwerden war am längsten nach mehrfachen Kollisionen und einem Beschwerdebeginn nach mehr als 24 h. Neben einem geringen Einfluß der Begleitverletzungen auf die Beschwerdedauer sind auch die individuelle Konstitution und Schmerzverarbeitung wesentliche Faktoren. Auch bei dieser retrospektiven Untersuchung bestanden erhebliche Schwierigkeiten hinsichtlich der Nachuntersuchung. Zur Lösung dieses Problems sind prospektive Studien mit genau festgelegten Protokollen zur Erfassung von Diagnose, Behandlungsart sowie Beschwerdedauer und -art erforderlich.
    Notes: Summary The analysis of 1,176 whiplash-type neck distortions was sought from a total of 3,838 restrained car driver incident reports. The percentage of these injuries increased from less than 10 % in 1985 to over 30 % in 1997. These occurred mostly with head-on or with multiple collisions, and only in 15 % with pure rear-end collisions. In 23,2 %, δv amounted 10 km/h or less, which corresponds to a very minor crash. The average δv was the highest in the cases of head-on collisions. Letters were sent to the injured to find out about the duration and type of complaints caused by a cervical spine injury. Of the 138 patients who returned the questionnaires, 121 (88 %) indicated that they had or were still suffering from their symptoms. Percentage of various complaints were as follows: pain (74 %), tension (6 %) and stiffness (5 %) in the head (27 %), neck (55 %) and shoulder (8 %). The duration of the complaints was longest after multiple collisions and when the onset of complaints was later than 24 hours after trauma. Women and elderly persons predominated slightly in the group with longer duration of complaints. A correlation between the severity of the accompanying injuries and duration of complaints occurred. Also, with this retrospective study there was considerable difficulties in the lack of adequate follow-up for these patients with less severe injuries. In order to better evaluate this problem, prospective studies are necessary which include documentation of diagnosis, treatment protocols, duration and type of complaints.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Unfallchirurg 103 (2000), S. 22-29 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter PKW-Unfall • HWS Beschleunigungsverletzung • Beschwerdedauer • Verletzungsmechanismus • Prognostische Faktoren ; Key words Car accident • Acceleration related injury of the cervical spine • Duration of complaints • Injury mechanism • Prognostic factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In an analysis of 3,838 restrained car drivers, the proportion of acceleration related injury of the cervical spine increased from under 10 % in 1985 to over 30 % in 1997. These injuries occurred mainly in the case of head-on or multiple collisions. Letters were sent to 1,136 of the injured persons, and of the 138 patients who returned the questionnaires, 121 (88 %) were still suffering from their symptoms. It was a question of pain (74 %), tension (6 %) and stiffness (5 %) in the head (27 %), neck (55 %) and shoulder (8 %) area. The duration of the complaints was the longest after multiple collisions. In addition to a slight influence of the accompanying injuries on the duration of complaints, the individual constitution seems to be an important determining factor. In order to resolve the difficulties of conducting of this retrospective study, prospective studies are necessary which include documentation of diagnosis, treatment protocols, duration and type of complaints.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei einer Unfallanalyse von 3.838 gurtgeschützten, angeschnallten PKW-Fahrern stieg der Anteil der HWS Beschleunigungsverletzung von unter 10 % 1985 auf über 30 % 1997. Überwiegend traten diese bei frontalen oder mehrfachen Kollisionen auf; 1.136 dieser Verletzten wurden angeschrieben, um Dauer und Art eventueller Beschwerden zu ermitteln. Von den 138 Patienten, die den Fragebogen zurücksendeten, gaben 121 (88 %) das Auftreten von Beschwerden an. Es handelte sich dabei um Schmerzen (74 %), Verspannungen (6 %) und Bewegungseinschränkungen (5 %) im Bereich von Kopf (27 %), Nacken (55 %) und Schulter (8 %). Die Dauer der Beschwerden war am längsten nach mehrfachen Kollisionen und einem Beschwerdebeginn nach mehr als 24 h. Neben einem geringen Einfluß der Begleitverletzungen auf die Beschwerdedauer sind auch die individuelle Konstitution und Schmerzverarbeitung wesentliche Faktoren. Auch bei dieser retrospektiven Untersuchung bestanden erhebliche Schwierigkeiten hinsichtlich der Nachuntersuchung. Zur Lösung dieses Problems sind prospektive Studien mit strengen Protokollen bezüglich der Erfassung von Diagnosestellung, Behandlung, Beschwerdedauer und -art erforderlich.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter PKW-Unfall ; Beckenringverletzung ; Verletzungsmechanismus ; Klassifikation ; Prävention ; Key words Car accident ; Pelvic injury ; Injury mechanism ; Classification ; Prevention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract During 1985 and 1993, 7,410 persons were injured in traffic accidents in the area of Hanover. Of these, 306 (4.1%) sustained a pelvic girdle injury. In 139 cases (45%), the pelvic girdle injuries were further classified (Pennal and Tile) and a technical reconstruction of the accident situation was performed. 52% were type A, 27% type B and 21% type C injuries. Some 47% of the casualties were vehicle occupants, 31% pedestrians, 12% motorcyclists and 10% cyclists. In restrained vehicle occupants pelvic girdle injuries occurred mostly in accidents with a delta-v of more than 30 km/h, whereas in unrestrained vehicle occupants, pedestrians and cyclists they also occurred with lower delta-v or collision speed. The percentage of type B and C injuries increased with higher velocities. In addition to further improvements in passive safety, lower collision speed or delta-v is necessary to reduce or prevent pelvic girdle injuries. The reconstruction of pelvic girdle injury mechanism in traffic accidents is possible, when both technical and medical parameters are considered.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwischen 1985 und 1993 wurden 7.410 Verkehrsunfallverletzte im Großraum Hannover erfaßt; 306 (4,1%) erlitten eine Beckenringverletzung mit einem AIS〉2. In 139 (45%) Fällen erfolgte die Klassifikation der Beckenringverletzung nach Pennal und Tile und eine vollständige technische Rekonstruktion; 52% waren danach Typ-A-, 27% Typ-B- und 21% Typ-C-Verletzungen. Bei den Verletzten handelte es sich um 46% PKW-Insassen, 31% Fußgänger, 12% Motorradfahrer, 10% Fahrradfahrer und 1% LKW-Insassen. Die Beckenringverletzungen traten bei gurtgeschützten Fahrzeuginsassen fast ausschließlich bei einem Δ-v von über 30 km/h auf, dagegen bei ungeschützten Verkehrsteilnehmern (Fußgänger und Radfahrer) und bei nicht gurtgeschützten Fahrzeuginsassen auch schon bei Anprallgeschwindigkeiten bzw. Δ-v von 10–20 km/h. Bei höheren Geschwindigkeiten stieg der Anteil der B- und C-Verletzungen. Neben weiteren Verbesserungen der passiven Sicherheit ist zur Verminderung oder Vermeidung von Beckenringverletzungen eine Verringerung der “Unfallgeschwindigkeit” nötig. Unter Berücksichtigung aller technischen und klinischen Parameter wird eine Rekonstruktion des tatsächlichen Unfallmechanismus von Beckenringverletzungen ermöglicht.
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