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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 482-484 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Morphology changes and irreversible reorientation of the easy magnetization axis upon annealing of thin epitaxial fcc-iron films grown at 100 K on Cu(100) were studied in situ with scanning tunneling microscopy and the magneto-optical Kerr effect. An irreversible spin reorientation from in-plane to out-of-plane is observed for 6 monolayers thick iron films annealed to 350 K. This change in magnetic anisotropy is accompanied by considerable smoothing of the iron film surface. Annealing to higher temperatures leads to a strong increase of the coercive field by up to a factor of 6. The surfaces of these films are atomically flat and display some scattered needle-like protrusions and dislocation lines. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 538-540 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A scanning near-field optical microscope is combined with a modified Sagnac interferometer to generate high-resolution magnetic contrast images of a magneto-optical disk (MOD) in reflection. The interferometer acts as a magnetic sensor to determine the Kerr rotation of reflected circularly polarized light. A separate shear-force sample topography is obtained simultaneously with the optical. This technique allows successful magnetic imaging of samples with complicated surface topographies, as demonstrated with the MOD. For these initial measurements, the resolution with nonmetal-coated fiber tips is 300 nm, and the magnetic phase sensitivity is 1 mrad. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 730-732 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hot electrons injected with a scanning tunnel microscope (STM) tip into Pt/SiO2/Si(100) structures were detected as a collector current in the Si by using a STM configuration known as ballistic electron emission microscopy. The collector current, observed for STM tip potentials (approximately-greater-than)4 V and for oxide biases ≥0 V, is direct evidence for electron transmission through the conduction band of the SiO2. Negative oxide biases delayed the onset of current to correspondingly higher tip potentials. A simple model was used to extract the energy and bias dependent transmission probabilities from the experimental data for a 62 A(ring) SiO2 layer. The results are compared with Monte Carlo calculations. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 3010-3012 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A novel method for the formation of a p+-layer underneath a Si(111)7×7 surface is presented. It is based on annealing of an epitaxial Al/n-Si(111) interface up to complete desorption of the Al film. This leads to a strong potential variation within the substrate, as observed in Si-2p core-level photoemission spectra with variable sampling depth, while scanning-tunneling microscopy reveals an unchanged 7×7 reconstructed surface. These observations are consistent with a p+ doping of (4±2)×1018/cm3 and a lowering of the surface Fermi level by (0.06±0.02) eV. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 54 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 53 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Baker and confectioner apprentices have been included in a prospective follow-up study in the region of East Thuringia, to evaluate risk factors for the development of hand dermatitis. Starting in August 1996, the apprentices have been interviewed and examined in a standardized way right at the beginning (n=91) of their vocational training, 6 (n=79) and 12 months (n=63) later. To gain objective data, TEWL score was also assessed at 3 standardized sites on the hands. In their case histories, 3.3% (n=3) of the apprentices reported hand dermatitis. The 1st assessment after 2 to 4 weeks vocational training revealed hand eczema in 17.5% (n=16) of the individuals. At the follow-up after 6 months of training 29.1% (n=23), and after 12 month of training 27.0% (n=17), of the apprentices had hand dermatitis of mild to moderate severity. Within 6 months, the TEWL score rose significantly (p〈0.001) from 11.9 g m−2 h−1 (± 5.4) to 16.8 g m−2 h−1 (± 9.5). After 12 months, the TEWL score was 14.9 g m−2 h−1 (± 4.6). For the atopic skin diathesis (〉 10 points of Diepgen's atopy score), there was a significant tendency to be a predictive factor for the development of occupational hand dermatitis. TEWL score failed to correlate with the development of skin damage in our study. The same was true for respiratory atopy and metal sensitization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 54 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 36 (1996), S. 51-57 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Ultraschall ; Doppler ; Kontrastmittel ; Key words Ultrasound-Doppler-Contrast agent ; Signal enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ultrasound contrast agents have recently proven to be clinically useful in many different areas and with many different ultrasound modalities. B-mode contrast echocardiography and delineation of cavities with ultrasound contrast agents are already accepted. Based on the contrast agent Echovist, assessment of tubal patency is possible with hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy). A new generation of transpulmonary, stable ultrasound contrast agents such as Levovist offer potential for various Doppler applications. Ultrasound contrast agents act as signal enhancers in Doppler examinations and therefore help to overcome the limitations of insufficient Doppler signal intensity. Recently, clinical studies have shown. Doppler examinations to have many clinical benefits. Contrast agents are useful in the assessment of high-grade stenosis or the delineation of small vessels and under difficult conditions. Ultrasound contrast agents also create new applications: analysis of tumor vascularization and delineation of the transcranial venous system are possible with contrast enhancement. Future developments in contrast-specific scanning (“harmonic imaging”) and new contrast agents, including organ-specific contrast agents, are expected to make a significant impact in the years to come.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ultraschallkontrastmittel stehen an der Schwelle zur klinischen Routineanwendung mit nahezu allen Ultraschallverfahren in vielfältigen klinischen Einsatzgebieten. Bereits am weitesten fortgeschritten sind B-Mode-Anwendungen wie Kontrastechokardiographie und die Darstellung von Hohlräumen mit Ultraschallkontrastmitteln. So wurde mit der auf dem ersten Echokontrastmittel Echovist® basierenden Hysterosalpingokontrastsonographie (HyCoSy) eine Alternativmethode zur Röntgen-HSG bzw. laparaskopischen Verfahren zur Darstellung der Eileiterdurchgängigkeit geschaffen. Durch neue lungenpassagestabile Ultraschallkontrastmittel wie Levovist® eröffnen sich viele Anwendungsgebiete mit Ultraschalldopplertechniken. Klinische Studien belegen, daß die Echosignalverstärkung durch Ultraschallkontrastmittel für eine Befundung unzureichende Dopplersignale darstellbar macht und so die Anwendbarkeit der Doppleruntersuchungen erweitert. Praktische klinische Vorteile sind so z. B. bei schwierigen Untersuchungsbedingungen, bei der Bewertung hochgradiger Stenosen, und bei der Darstellung kleiner Gefäße zu erzielen. Auch werden durch den Einsatz von Levovist® neue Anwendungen wie transkranielle Venendarstellung und Bewertung von Tumorvaskularisation ermöglicht. Zukünftige kontrastmittelspezifische Scanverfahren („harmonic imaging“) sowie neuartige, z. T. organspezifische Echokontrastmittel lassen eine Reihe von weiteren Innovationen erwarten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 10 (1996), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Semiotik ; Schmerzbedeutung ; Antike ; Symptom ; Symbol ; Key words Semiotics ; Meanings of pain ; Classical antiquity ; Symptom ; Smybol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract According to semiotics, which may be defined as the doctrine of the essential nature and fundamental varieties of signs, objects, and interpretants, pain is considered to be a sign (significant) with very different meanings (significance) either as a naturalistic symptom (of disease) or as a symbol used in a metaphorical context. When following this methodological perspective it is possible to interpret medical as well as poetic writings on equal terms. In Graeco-Roman medical texts pain was mostly understood as a result and an indicator of disease, but nonetheless as a symptom which seemed to be actively produced by the affected body. Especially in the Corpus Hippocraticum dating from the 5th and 4th century B. C. this materialistic and at the same time psychosomatic attitude can be noticed. Aristotle (4th century B. C.), Celsus (1st century A. D.), and the famous experimental physiologist Galen (2nd century A. D.) agreed that pain was a sign of evil which should be fought without exception. It was Galen who added the disturbance of function (functio laesa) as the fifth cardinal sign of inflammation to the four well-known cardinal signs of Celsus (rubor, calor, tumor, dolor). He also coined the term ημιϰϱανια to characterize an attack of migraine. In algotherapy, Galen used a complex pharmacological system which was based upon the four cardinal qualities of humoral pathology. On the other hand, pain was designed as a multi-dimensional symbol by the famous Graeco-Roman epic poets. In Homer's Odyssey (8th century B. C.), pain appears transformed into the shape of a scar which is visible and palpable on the hero's leg like an identification tag, whereas in Virgil's Aeneids (1st century B. C.) pain symbolizes weakness and defencelessness which can only be alleviated by the goddess Venus.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Naturalistische wie metaphorische Bedeutungen des Schmerzes in der medizinischen Fachliteratur sowie in ausgewählter Dichtung und Philosophie der griechisch-römischen Antike werden in semiotischer Perspektive dargestellt. Der Schmerz erweist sich dann als ein Zeichen (Signifikant), das entweder als Symptom und Wirkung einer natürlichen Ursache oder als metaphorisches Symbol im Sinne einer intellektuellen Sinnzuschreibung seiner jeweiligen Bedeutung (Signifikat) zugeordnet werden kann. Sowohl die symptomatisch-kausale als auch die symbolisch-hermeneutische Form der Deutung ist in der Antike geläufig: Während im Corpus Hippocraticum, aber auch bei Aristoteles, Celsus und Galen der Schmerz als ein krankhaftes Symptom aufgefaßt wird, das in jedem Falle Unlust signalisiert und dessen (natürliche) Ursache nach Möglichkeit beseitigt werden sollte, lassen bedeutende Epiker wie Homer oder Vergil auch metaphorische Interpretationen des Schmerzes erkennen. Während jedoch in Homers Odyssee der Schmerz lediglich als nominalistische Erkennungsmarke des Titelhelden firmiert, wird er in Vergils Aeneis zum Zeichen für bedrohliche Schwäche und Hilflosigkeit des Protagonisten. Multidimensionalität und Deutungsvielfalt (Polysemie) sind demnach nicht erst Merkmale des modernen Schmerzbegriffes am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts, ihre Wurzeln lassen sich vielmehr bereits in antiken Quellen nachweisen.
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