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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 270 (1971), S. 87-89 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adrenal Medulla ; Chromaffin Granules ; Sympathetic Nerve ; Membrane Protein ; Exocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A rabbit antiserum was obtained against a protein isolated from membranes of bovine chromaffin granules. Immunohistochemical evidence indicates that this protein is present in the adrenal medullae of several species and in bovine sympathetic nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 273 (1972), S. 43-61 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adrenal Medulla ; Chromaffin Granules ; Synthesis ; Catecholamines ; Nucleotides ; Chromogranins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The subcellular distribution of newly synthesised catecholamines, nucleotides and proteins was investigated in bovine adrenal medulla. 3H-tyrosine, 3H-leucine and 32P-phosphate were used as radioactive precursors (“pulse label”). 2. Already 3 min after infusion of 3H-tyrosine the bulk of the labelled catecholamines was present in the “large granules” (mitochondria, lysosomes and chromaffin granules). In the fractions from the density gradient the distribution of the labelled and the total catecholamines was the same. Analogous results were obtained at longer time intervals. 3. 3 min after infusion of 32P-phosphate the labelled nucleotides present in the “large granules” were concentrated in the mitochondrial fraction. At longer time intervals after infusion of 32P-phosphate (45 min and 4h) chromaffin granules had accumulated a larger portion of the labelled nucleotides, mitochondria contained less. 4. After infusion of 45Ca2+, the isotope present in the large granules was found to be concentrated in the mitochondria and in chromaffin granules. 5. After infusion of 3H-leucine the soluble proteins of the adrenal medulla rapidly became labelled. 4 h after 3H-leucine newly synthesised proteins could be demonstrated in a particle which was present in the large granule fraction and which equilibrated in density gradients in a position corresponding to 1.6 M sucrose. This particle can be differentiated from mitochondria, microsomes, lysosomes and the bulk of the chromaffin granules. The labelled soluble proteins of this particle were identified as chromogranins. It seems likely that this particle represents a newly formed chromaffin granule which differs in its properties from the bulk of mature granules. The membrane proteins of this particle were not significantly labelled. 6. After infusion of 32P-phosphate the phospholipids of the adrenal medulla became labelled. The subcellular distribution of these phospholipids was similar to that of a microsomal marker enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase. Lysoclecithin was not significantly labelled. 7. In the light of these results the subcellular events leading to the formation of complete chromaffin granules are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 263 (1969), S. 340-357 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adrenal Medulla ; Chromaffin Granules ; Noradrenaline Granules ; Microsomes ; Lysolecithin ; Nebennierenmark ; chromaffine Granula ; Noradrenalingranula ; Mikrosomen ; Lysolecithin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die quantitative Verteilung von chromaffinen Granula und von Mikrosomen (durch Bestimmung der Glucose-6-Phosphatase) in den durch Differentialzentrifugation erhaltenen Fraktionen aus Schweinenebennierenmark wurde untersucht. Das Sediment II (“large granule fraction”), in dem sich die chromaffinen Granula befinden, enthält auch einen beträchtlichen Anteil der Mikrosomen. Durch neuerliche Zentrifugation (→ Sediment III) kann der Gehalt an Mikrosomen reduziert werden. 2. Durch Zentrifugation des Sediments III über 1,6 M Saccharoselösung können Granula isoliert werden, die etwa gleichviel Noradrenalin und Adrenalin enthalten (Mischgranula). Durch Zentrifugation über 2,05 bzw. 2,15 M Saccharose werden Granula isoliert, in denen 87,5±2% (n=18) der Katecholamine als Noradrenalin vorliegen (Noradrenalin-Granula). Die Verunreinigung dieser Granulafraktionen durch Mitochondrien, Lysosomen und Mikrosomen wird durch die Bestimmung charakteristischer Enzyme untersucht. 3. Chromaffine Granula, die bei 37° in isotoner Saccharose inkubiert werden, geben in den ersten 15 min 20% des Noradrenalin-, aber nur 2% des Adrenalingehaltes an das Medium ab. Nach diesem Zeitpunkt ist die Geschwindigkeit der Noradrenalin- bzw. Adrenalinabgabe gleich. 4. Der molare Katecholamin/ATP-Quotient beträgt für Misch- und Noradrenalingranula 4,5–5,0. 5. 70% der Eiweiße in den Noradrenalingranula sind wasserlöslich. Durch Disk-Electrophorese der löslichen Proteine wird gezeigt, daß Noradrenalin- und Mischgranula ähnliche Eiweiße besitzen. Signifikante Unterschiede in der Aminosäurezusammensetzung der löslichen Eiweiße der Mischgranula und der unlöslichen Eiweiße der Noradrenalingranula werden festgestellt. 6. Der Lysolecithingehalt der Mischgranula beträgt 13,5, der der Noradrenalingranula 20% des Lipidphosphors. Der Großteil des Lysolecithins im Nebennierenmark ist in den chromaffinen Granula und zwar in der Membran dieser Organellen lokalisiert.
    Notes: Summary 1. The distribution of chromaffin granules (catecholamines) and of microsomes (glucose-6-phosphatase) between the subcellular fractions of pig adrenal medulla was investigated. The sediment II (large granule fraction) in which the chromaffin granules are found contained a considerable amount of microsomes. This microsomal contamination could be reduced by an additional centrifugation step (→ sediment III). 2. Centrifugation of sediment III over 1,6 M sucrose solution yielded a sediment of granules which contained an equal amount of noradrenaline and adrenaline (= mixed granules). By centrifugation over either 2.05 or 2.15 M sucrose, granules were isolated which contained 87.5±2% (n=18) of their catecholamines as noradrenaline (noradrenaline-granules). The contamination of the mixed and noradrenaline-granules by other cell organelles was investigated. 3. During incubation of granules in isotonic sucrose at 37° 20% of the noradrenaline, but only 2% of the adrenaline content, was released into the medium within the first 15 min. From 15 min onwards noradrenaline and adrenaline were released at the same rate. 4. The proteins of noradrenaline-granules were found to be highly water soluble (70% of the total proteins). Disc-electrophoresis of the soluble proteins revealed that mixed- and noradrenaline-granules contained identical proteins. Significant differences in the amino acid composition of the soluble proteins of mixed granules and the insoluble proteins of noradrenaline-granules were found. 5. The lysolecithin content of mixed granules was 13.5% of the total phospholipids, that of noradrenaline-granules 20%. Most of the lysolecithin in the adrenal medulla is localised in the membranes of the chromaffin granules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 261 (1968), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Nebennierenmark ; Chromaffine Granula ; Phospholipide ; Lysolecithin ; Fettsäurezusammensetzung ; Adrenal Medulla ; Chromaffin granules ; Phospholipids ; Lysolecithin ; Fatty acid composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The fatty acid composition of total phospholipids and of Jecithin, lysolecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine isolated from bovine chromaffin granules was determined. 2. Total phospholipids are relatively rich in plasmalogens. Phosphatidylethanolamine is also rich in plasmalogen whereas lecithin contains less. Unsaturated fatty acids comprise about 60% of the total fatty acids in both of the latter phospholipids. 3. The lysolecithin of chromaffin granules is characterised by a high content (77%) of saturated fatty acids and a very low content (4%) of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The major fatty acid is stearic acid. 4. The lysolecithin formed by the action of snake venom phospholipase A2 on lecithin isolated from chromaffin granules has a fatty acid composition very similar to that of the endogenous lysolecithin. 5. It is concluded that the lysolecithin in chromaffin granules is formed by the action of a phospholipase A2 on lecithin and is the 1-acyl isomer. Possible sub-cellular events involved in the formation of the lysolecithin are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Fettsäurezusammensetzung der Gesamtphospholipide und von Lecithin, Lysolecithin und Phosphatidyläthanolamin aus chromaffinen Granula des Rindernebennierenmarks wurde untersucht. 2. Die Gesamtphospholipide haben einen relativ hohen Gehalt an Plasmalogenen. Phosphatidyläthanolamin enthält viel Plasmalogen, während Lecithin weniger enthält. 60% der gesamten Fettsäuren in diesen beiden Phospholipiden sind ungesättigt. 3. Lysolecithin aus chromaffinen Granula zeigt charakteristischerweise einen hohen Gehalt (77%) an gesättigten Fettsäuren und einen sehr niedrigen (4%) an mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren. Stearinsäure ist die quantitativ wichtigste Fettsäure. 4. Lysolecithin, das aus Lecithin der chromaffinen Granula durch Inkubation mit Schlangengift-Phospholipase A2 erhalten wurde, hatte eine ähnliche Fettsäurezusammensetzung wie endogenes Lysolecithin. 5. Daraus wird gefolgert, daß Lysolecithin in den chromaffinen Granula durch die Wirkung einer Phospholipase A2 gebildet wird und als das 1-acyl Isomer vorliegt. Subcelluläre Vorgänge, die an der Bildung von Lysolecithin im Nebennierenmark beteiligt sein könnten, werden diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 271 (1971), S. 193-203 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adrenal Medulla ; Chromogranin ; Catecholamines ; Synthesis ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. 3H-leucine and3H-tyrosine were added to the perfusion medium of isolated bovine adrenal glands in order to study the synthesis and secretion of radioactively labelled catecholamines and proteins. 2. Various times after the injection of the labelled amino acids the soluble proteins of the microsomal fraction were isolated and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in three different buffer systems. The distribution of protein-bound radioactivity within the gels was determined. Most of the label was found to be confined to proteins which behaved like the specific soluble proteins of chromaffin granules, i.e. the chromogranins. 3. Stimulation of the adrenal gland with carbachol induced a release of catechol-amines, protein, and protein-bound radioactivity. In the absence of Ca2+ the secretion of all these components was abolished. The highest specific radioactivity of the proteins secreted upon stimulation was reached 4 h after the injection of the labelled precursors. The labelled proteins, secreted upon stimulation, could be identified as chromogranins. 4. Carbachol induced the release of highly labelled catecholamines after the injection of3H-tyrosine. The highest specific radioactivity of these catecholamines was already observed at the first stimulation with carbachol i.e. 30 min after3H-tyrosine. 5. These results demonstrate that in isolated bovine adrenal glands radioactively labelled chromogranins and catecholamines can be synthesised and can be secreted upon stimulation with carbachol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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