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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 254 (1997), S. 145-149 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Eighth nerve compound action potential ; Aging effects ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The eighth nerve compound action potential (CAP) in 95 guinea pigs was measured using click stimuli to investigate age-related changes in their neural auditory thresholds. The animals were separated into three groups: group A (n = 43, 86 ears; 2–4 months old); group B (n = 29; 58 ears, 13–15 months old); and group C (n = 23; 46 ears, 23–25 months old). With increasing age, a gradual elevation of CAP thresholds was clearly seen among the three groups. The negative peak (N1) latencies of the CAP were prolonged, and the N1 amplitudes of the CAP decreased. There were significant differences in N1 latencies among the three groups and in N1 amplitudes between groups A and B, and between groups A and C. However, the rate of decline of the thresholds as well as the input-output function curves of the CAP varied in some of the oldest animals, suggesting that there were some individual differences in degenerative aging processes of the auditory system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1362-1368 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: manganese oxide electrode ; oxygen evolution ; seawater electrolysis ; surface activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Utilizing the fact that the equilibrium potential of oxygen evolution is lower than that of chlorine evolution, oxygen evolution in seawater electrolysis was enhanced by decreasing the polarization potential under galvanostatic conditions through increasing the effective surface area of manganese oxide electrodes. Electrodes were prepared by a thermal decomposition method. IrO2-coated titanium (IrO2/Ti electrode) was used as the substrate on which manganese oxide was coated (MnOX/IrO2/Ti electrode). Subsequently, oxide mixtures of manganese and zinc were coated (MnOX–ZnO/MnOX/IrO2/Ti electrode). The effective surface area of the MnOX–ZnO/MnOX/IrO2/Ti electrodes was increased by selective dissolution of zinc (leaching) into hot 6M KOH. The oxygen evolution efficiency of the MnOX/IrO2/Ti electrode was 68–70%. Leaching of zinc from the MnOX–ZnO/MnOX/IrO2/Ti electrodes with 25mol% or less zinc led to a significant increase in the oxygen evolution efficiency. The maximum efficiency attained was 86% after leaching of zinc from the MnOX–25mol%ZnO/MnOX/IrO2/Ti electrode. However, large amounts of zinc addition, such as 40mol% or more are detrimental because of a decrease in the oxygen evolution efficiency. This is due to the formation of a double oxide, ZnMnO3, which is hardly dissolved in hot 6M KOH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: anodic deposition ; manganese-molybdenum oxide electrode ; oxygen evolution ; seawater electrolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Manganese-molybdenum oxide electrodes were prepared by anodic deposition on an IrO2-coated titanium substrate at a constant current density of 600Am−2 from baths containing 0.2M MnSO4 and 0–0.1M Na2MoO4 at 90∘C and pH 0.5. These electrodes were characterised for oxygen evolution in the electrolysis at 1,000Am−2 in 0.5M NaCl solution at 30∘C and pH 8 or 12. The most active and stable oxygen evolving anode exhibited 100% efficiency for oxygen evolution, and an efficiency of 98.5% for over 1,500 h at pH 12 and of 96.5% for over 2,800 h at pH 8 of continuous electrolysis. X-ray diffraction measurement and XPS analysis indicated that the deposits consist of a nanocrystalline single γ-MnO2 type phase, and manganese and molybdenum in the deposits are in the Mn4+ and Mo6+ states. The electrochemical studies showed that the manganese-molybdenum oxide electrodes drastically reduced the electrocatalytic activity for chlorine evolution to the undetectable level, resulting in 100% efficiency for oxygen evolution, although the addition of molybdenum slightly increased the oxygen overpotential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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