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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and loss of tolerance to the effects of ethanol on DRL performance of rats (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 97 (1989), S. 45-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: DRL ; Ethanol ; Operant behavior ; Rats ; Residual tolerance ; Tolerance ; Rate increases and decreases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Six male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on a DRL-20 operant schedule for food presentation. When stable performance was established, they were exposed to an escalating regimen of daily ethanol administration (1.125–3.75 g/kg. IP). This dosing regimen continued until the maximally tolerable dose for each subject was reached. Tolerance loss then was monitored for approximately 6 months by periodic ethanol challenge doses (1.5 g/kg). Dose-effect curves (DECs) were obtained prior to (DEC-1), immediately after (DEC-2), and 6 months following termination of (DEC-3) the ethanol exposure. Rate-increasing effects (DEC-1) were noted at low doses (0.75 and 1.125 g/kg), with a higher dose (2.25 g/kg) resulting in a decreased rate of responding. Tolerance, following chronic ethanol exposure, developed to both the rate-increasing and ratedecreasing effects of ethanol (DEC-2). While some tolerance was lost within the 6 months following the daily ethanol exposure (DEC-3), a significant degree of tolerance was still indicated by most of the response measures. This duration of tolerance was considerably longer than that generally reported, and is probably attributable to persistent learned compensatory behavior and/or intermittent ethanol challenge tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443411
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tolerance to ethanol's disruptive effects on operant behavior in rats (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 479-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Operant performance ; Delayed ethanol effect ; Drug-induced compensatory learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of pre-session and post-session daily ethanol injections on the development and loss of tolerance to ethanol's effects on fixed ratio operant performance in rats was assessed using a cumulative dosing procedure. Daily pre-session ethanol administration produced a greater decrease in ethanol sensitivity than did daily post-session ethanol. Both tolerance effects persisted for at least 1 month after the chronic injection phase. No changes in ethanol sensitivity were apparent in the saline control group and no changes in estimated blood ethanol levels were found after the chronic treatments. The post-session ethanol groups displayed a performance decrement during the initial segment of the chronic injection period, but improved significantly across the chronic phase. These data suggest that some delayed effect of ethanol initially impaired performance but that tolerance to this ethanol effect also occurred and probably contributed to the decline in ethanol sensitivity seen in these groups. Compensatory learning as the mechanism for tolerance development in the pre-session and post-session ethanol groups was supported by the finding of no change in ethanol sensitivity in rats exposed to comparable daily ethanol without any concurrent operant task on which the direct, immediate, or indirect, delayed ethanol effects could operate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00589895
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Schedule-controlled behavior as an index of the development and loss of ethanol tolerance in the rat (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 414-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavioral tolerance ; Ethanol ; Operant behavior ; Rats ; Residual tolerance ; Tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats, following training on one of two food-motivated operant schedules (Fixed-Ratio 30 or Variable Interval 30 s), were exposed to an escalating regimen of daily ethanol (1.125–3.0 g/kg, IP) administration. This increasing dose regimen continued until the maximally tolerable dose for each subject was reached. Tolerance was then monitored for approximately 6 months by periodic ethanol challenge doses (1.5 g/kg). Dose-effect curves (DECs) were obtained prior to chronic ethanol (DEC1), immediately after ethanol tolerance development (DEC2), and 6 months (DEC3) following termination of ethanol exposure. At DEC1, ethanol produced dose-dependent decreases in rate on both schedules with no significant schedule differences in ED50 (the dose effective at reducing the maximal response rate by one-half) values. Maximal tolerance was achieved in means of 46 and 55 days on the VI and FR schedules, respectively. Differences in rate of tolerance acquisition on the initial dose of the chronic regimen (1.125 g/kg) account for most of the difference in the overall rate of acquisition. Comparison of the ED50 data from DECs 1 and 2 indicated that daily ethanol exposure resulted in a 2-fold decrease in ethanol sensitivity (i.e., tolerance) on both operant schedules. The ED50 data from DECs 1 and 3 demonstrated a 1.7-fold decrease in ethanol potency on DEC3. This duration of tolerance was considerably longer than that generally reported, and possibly related to the extended ethanol exposure and the sensitivity of operant schedules to drug effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432505
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    State-dependent effects of ethanol on active and passive avoidance learning (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 25 (1972), S. 238-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dissociation ; Ethanol ; Avoidance Conditioning ; Response-Initiation-Suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present set of experiments examined the importance of the response initiation-inhibition parameter of certain avoidance conditioning tasks in the production of state-dependent dissociative effects with ethanol. On those tasks involving some degree of response inhibition (passive avoidance and two-way active avoidance), animals receiving ethanol during training were more impaired in their testing performance than those receiving saline during training (anterograde amnestic effect), and animals injected with ethanol during training and saline during testing displayed dissociation of their acquired avoidance behaviors during testing (asymmetrical dissociation effect). On the task involving a response initiation element with little contamination by response suppression factors (one-way active avoidance), dissociation of avoidance behavior during testing was found both for the animals trained under ethanol and tested under saline and for the animals trained under saline and tested under ethanol (symmetrical dissociation effect). The results were discussed in terms of possible joint effects of symmetrical state-dependency and other behavioral properties of the drug. However, an alternative interpretation could not be ruled out, namely that the mechanisms involved in the impairment found on the testing day for the drug-placebo and placebo-drug groups may be different. It was suggested that the drug-placebo group may represent the more general example of state-dependent dissociation effects, whereas the production of state-dependent dissociation effects in the placebo-drug group may depend upon the type of behavior conditioned and/or the strength of such conditioning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422505
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors governing the vulnerability of DRL operant performance to the effects of ethanol (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 28 (1973), S. 351-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Operant Performance ; Dose-Response Analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of various doses of ethanol on DRL performance was examined in rats under conditions of cued and non-cued DRL tasks and under conditions of low versus high baseline performance criteria. The dose-level at which ethanol produced a significant reduction in number of responses and reinforcements interacted in a complex fashion with level of baseline performance, the cue conditions, and the order of DRL tasks. Generally, performance was impaired at a lower dose level for groups initially trained to a low criterion of DRL performance than for groups later trained to a higher criterion of DRL performance, regardless of cue condition. Further, the dose level at which ethanol impaired performance (as indicated by number of reinforcements obtained) under non-cued DRL conditions was lower than that for the cued DRL conditions, but only on the initial task where baseline DRL performance criterion was lower. Finally, the group with a higher baseline level of responding (i.e., poorer DRL performance) was more vulnerable to the disrupting effects of ethanol on this measure than groups with lower baseline response rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422755
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tolerance to ethanol's effects on operant performance in rats: role of number and pattern of intoxicated practice opportunities (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 109 (1992), S. 112-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Operant performance ; Tolerance ; Intoxicated practice ; Compensatory behaviors ; Acute ethanol withdrawal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acquisition and retention of tolerance to ethanol's rate-decreasing effects on operant performance were examined in rats which received a 52-day regimen of ethanol or saline injections prior to and/or after each daily session. Eight groups of rats differed on: (a) number of days with intoxicated practice (pre-session ethanol); (b) intermittent (spaced) or daily (massed) intoxicated practice; and (c) post-session ethanol or saline on nonintoxicated practice days. Massed practice groups were given their presession saline days prior to their pre-session ethanol days. Ethanol dose-effect tests were given prior to, during, and after the chronic injection regimen. Under both spaced and massed practice conditions, the magnitude of tolerance developed increased directly with the number of pre-session ethanol days, even when absolute ethanol exposure was constant. No group showed complete tolerance loss. The post-session ethanol supplements (a) facilitated tolerance development in spaced practice groups and tolerance loss in massed practice groups, (b) blocked ethanol's low dose rate-increasing effects, and (c) produced an acute withdrawal-like performance disruption the next day. The results suggest that both intoxicated practice and practice during acute ethanol withdrawal influence the acquisition and retention of compensatory behaviors during ethanol tolerance development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245488
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced mass resolution in a quadrupole ion trap (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 7 (1993), S. 43-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The versatility of the quadrupole ion trap as a mass spectrometer in which the mass resolution may be varied over a wide range has been demonstrated. Mass resolution of 0.8 × 107 and 1.2 × 107 have been obtained for ions of m/z 414 and m/z 614, respectively, well in excess of the normal value of 3m, where m is the mass of ion. At the highest mass resolution, peak-widths at half-maximum are but 52 × 10-6 u. While it has been shown previously that enhanced mass reslution in the quadrupole ion trap can be achieved by reduction of the mass scanning rate, the range of mass resolutions reported here were achieved by reducing the mass scanning rate, in stages, by an overall factor of ca 5.5 × 104.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290070111
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of collisional cooling on boundary-activated decomposition in an ion-trap mass spectrometer (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 7 (1993), S. 929-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: When the working point of a precursor ion confined within a quadrupole ion trap is moved to the vicinity of a boundary of the stability diagram, fragmentation of the precursor ion can be induced by virtue of energy gained from the radio-frequency trapping field. This behaviour is known as the ‘border effect’. When the isolated precursor ion is subjected to a cooling period of variable duration, in the presence of helium buffer gas and prior to experiencing the ‘border effect’, a high degree of control of the fragmentation pattern is achieved. The cooling period causes decreases in both ion kinetic energy and ion axial excursions. From this preliminary study, it is suggested that the deposition of internal energy during the ‘border effect’ can be varied by changing the duration of the cooling period. In addition to a degree of control of internal energy deposition, the amount of energy which can be deposited in this manner, though unknown, appears to exceed those energy levels achievable with resonance excitation and the ‘border effect’ without collisional cooling, in that an additional fragmentation channel is accessed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290071014
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Negative-ion mass spectrometry in a commercial gas chromatography/ion-trap mass spectrometer system (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 1302-1309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Commercial gas chromatography quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometer (GC/ITMS) instruments have been used in a novel way for the study of negative ions formed from perfluorotributyl-amine and polychlorinated biphenyl compounds. Negative ions, formed during a normal electron impact ionization period in which 70 eV electrons were used, were isolated in an ion trap by the application of a negative DC voltage to the ring electrode that caused all positive ions to be ejected from the ion trap; in the subsequent analytical scan, negatives ions were detected with an electron multiplier biased normally so as to detect positive ions. The major negative-ion species detected from FC-43 were m/z 252 to m/z 633; 34 other negative-ion species were detected also, though in low abundance. The observed negative-ion mass range extended from m/z 252 to m/z 633. The signal-to-noise ratio of negative-ion mass spectra was enhanced by operation of the GC/MS instrument in GC mode and averaging the mass spectra acquired. In an examination of 3 hexachlorobiphenyl compounds, the molecular anion cluster around m/z 360 for the non-ortho-substituted congener 169 was observed with a signal-to-noise ratio of ca. 20 for 90 pg injected on column: the response for congener 169 was greater than that for congener 156 (mono-ortho-substituted) which, in turn, was greater than that for congener 153 (di-ortho-substituted).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1290091316
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    13C n.m.r. chemical shifts of carbodiimides (1976)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 8 (1976), S. 327-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 13C n.m.r. chemical shifts of the sp-hybridized carbons in dialkylcarbodiimides have values of δc ≃ 140. These shifts are compared with those of similarly hybridized carbons occuring in other classes of compounds.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1270080613
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