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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 11 (1997), S. 185-189 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Postoperative Schmerztherapie ; Epidural ; Bupivacain ; Fentanyl ; Physikochemische Stabilität ; Key words Postoperative analgesia ; Epidural ; Bupivacaine ; Fentanyl ; Physicochemical stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Continuous epidural infusion of bupivacaine with the opioid fentanyl represents an effective analgesic method in the therapy of strong postoperative pain after major surgery. Preparation of the required infusion solution in syringes with a volume of 50 ml immediately prior to administration is routinely performed by nursing staff in Germany. The effort required for the preparation is associated with logistical and pharmaceutical difficulties. The preparation of a mixture of bupivacaine hydrochloride 0.06% and fentanyl 0.0002% in 250 ml infusion bags at the pharmacy of the University Hospital Mainz is described. To determine the physicochemical stability, the concentration of bupivacaine-HCl and fentanyl was assessed using HPLC over a period of 32 days; in addition the pH values were determined. After 32 days 95% of the bupivacaine hydrochloride and fentanyl baseline values were recorded. The pH baseline value had decreased from 5.48–5.52 to 0.5–0.7 units. The measured values confirm the physicochemical stability of the mixture of bupivacaine hydrochloride 0.06% and fentanyl 0.0002% over a period of 32 days. The infusion bag can be stored for 4 weeks at room temperature.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die kontinuierliche epidurale Infusionsanalgesie ist eine effektive Möglichkeit zur Therapie starker postoperativer Schmerzen. Es ist in Deutschland üblich, daß geeignete Infusionslösungen unmittelbar vor der Anwendung durch Pflegekräfte zubereitet werden. Der damit verbundene Aufwand wirft logistische und pharmazeutische Probleme auf. Es wird beschrieben, wie in der Apotheke des Universitätsklinikums Mainz Infusionsbeutel zur Mischinfusion von Bupivacain-HCl 0,06% und Fentanyl 0,0002% mit einem Füllvolumen von jeweils 250 ml hergestellt und vorrätig gelagert werden. Durch die epidurale Infusion kommt eine ausreichende Analgesie zustande. Zur Untersuchung der physikalisch-chemischen Stabilität wurden über einen Zeitraum von 32 Tagen der pH-Wert und die Konzentration der Arzneistoffe im Infusionsbeutel mittels HPLC bestimmt. Nach 32 Tagen waren noch 95% der Ausgangskonzentration von Bupivacain-HCl und Fentanyl vorhanden, der initiale pH-Wert von 5,48–5,52 war um 0,5–0,7 Einheiten abgefallen. Mit diesen Messungen ist eine ausreichende physikochemische Stabilität der Mischinfusionslösung belegt. Die Anwendung der Infusionsbeutel ist für den Pflegebereich, aber auch für die Ärzte komfortabel und sicher. Ökonomische Vorteile liegen auf der Hand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Anästhesie ; peridurale ; Kinder ; Schmerztherapie ; postoperative ; Bupivacain ; Lokalanästhetikaintoxikation ; Key words Anaesthesia ; epidural ; Child ; Pain therapy ; postoperative ; Bupivacaine ; Anaesthetics ; local adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Epidural anaesthesia is extremely useful in providing postoperative analgesia for children after surgery of the lower body. Although results on early pharmacokinetics in children have previously been reported, no data are available on the long-term effects of epidural anaesthesia. The aim of this investigation was the assessment of plasma bupivacaine levels in children with continuous epidural anaesthesia in the postoperative period. A catheter with an outer diameter of 0.63 mm was inserted through a 19G Tuohy cannula into the epidural space. A maximum dose of 0.4 mg/kg/h bupivacaine was administered for continuous epidural infusion. Careful monitoring was performed to detect early signs of local anaesthetic intoxication. Two milliliters of blood were obtained in each patient per day and nepholometric serum measurement were performed to determine α1-acid glycoprotein and albumin levels. Bupivacaine plasma concentrations were assessed according to the method described by Sattler et al. [25]. Ten children were included in the investigation. The measured albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein concentrations were within the range described by other investigators. At the onset of pain therapy maximum levels of 0.5 µg/ml where recorded after a loading dose of bupivacaine and levels of up to 2.2 µg/ml were achieved following continuous infusion. There were no neurologic complications or signs of lokal anesthetic intoxication. In conclusion our results show that a dose of up to 0.4 mg/kg/h bupivacaine during continuous epidural infusion is not associated with toxic complications. Careful monitoring of the children by experienced staff is mandatory.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie bei Kindern mit Operationen an der unteren Körperhälfte bietet sich eine Periduralanästhesie an. Bisher wurde die initiale Pharmakokinetik bei Kindern untersucht, nicht hingegen der langfristige Verlauf. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war die Erhebung von Daten zum zeitlichen Verlauf des Plasma-Bupivacainspiegels, der sauren α1-Glycoprotein- und Albuminkonzentrationen bei Kindern mit kontinuierlicher Periduralanästhesie in der postoperativen Phase. Methodik:Über eine 19G Tuohy-Kanüle legten wir einen Katheter mit 0,63 mm Außendurchmesser in den Periduralraum ein. Während der kontinuierlichen periduralen Bupivacaininfusion durfte eine Dosis von 0,4 mg/kgKG/h Bupivacain nicht überschritten werden. Frühzeichen einer Lokalanästhetikaintoxikation wurden gezielt erfragt. Täglich wurden 2 ml Blut abgenommen, in dessen Serum das saure α1-Glycoprotein und das Albumin nepholometrisch gemessen wurde. Die Lokalanästhetikabestimmung erfolgte dann nach der Methode von Sattler et al. [25]. Ergebnisse: In die Untersuchung wurden zehn Kinder aufgenommen. Die Bestimmung der Bindungsproteine Albumin und sα1-GP ergab für beide Proteine Konzentrationen im vorbeschriebenen Rahmen. Nach der Bolusinjektion von Bupivacain zu Beginn der Schmerztherapie wurden maximale Blutspiegel von 0,5 µg/ml und infolge der anschließenden kontinuierlichen Infusion Blutspiegel bis 2,2 µg/ml erreicht. Wir beobachteten keine neurologischen Störungen oder Anzeichen einer Lokalanästhetikaintoxikation. Schlußfolgerung: Aus der Literaturübersicht und unseren eigenen Erfahrungen geht hervor, daß bei kontinuierlicher periduraler Infusion bis zu einer Bupivacaindosierung von 0,4 mg/kgKG/h nicht mit toxischen Komplikationen gerechnet werden muß. Eine adäquate Überwachung der Kinder durch geschultes Personal muß jedoch sichergestellt sein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Retinal vessels ; Fluorescein angiography ; Shear ; Hematocrit ; Yield of fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this work was to obtain more quantitative knowledge about the yield of fluorescence from retinal vessels during fluorescein angiography. The influence of shear rate, concentration of sodium fluorescein, hematocrit, and layer thickness on the yield of fluorescence from blood were investigated. Measurements were performedin vitro on samples of human blood in a cone-plate shear chamber using frontal illumination. Application of physiologically relevant levels of shear (〉88/sec) decreased the yield of fluorescence from the blood sample considerably as compared with stasis. The yield of fluorescence was proportionally related to the logarithm of the sodium fluorescein concentration in blood up to a sodium fluorescein concentration of 1.2 mg/ml. Above that concentration quenching occurred. An increase in layer thickness at a hematocrit of 45% resulted only in an increase of the yield of fluorescence up to a layer thickness of 25 μm. In conclusion, the sodium fluorescein concentration in blood is the only important factor that determines the yield of fluorescence from the larger retinal vessels in the successive phases of the fluorescein angiogram in a subject with a given hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration. The yield of fluorescence from retinal vessels (〉25 μm) is proportionally related to the logarithm of the sodium fluorescein concentration over a broad range of concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 23 (1995), S. 475-481 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Retinal vessels ; Indocyanine green angiography ; Shear rate ; Hematocrit ; Yield of fluorescence ; Scanning laser ; ophthalmoscope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this work was to obtain more quantitative knowledge about the yield of fluorescence from retinal vessles during indocyanine green angiography (ICG). The yield of fluorescence from blood was investigated for various shear rates, concentrations of ICG, and layer thicknesses. Measurements were performed in vitro on samples of human blood in a cone-plate shear chamber using frontal illumination as in scanning laser angiography. In blood and in plasma, the yield of fluorescence of ICG increased with concentration up to 0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml, respectively. At higher concentrations, the yield decreased for all layer thicknesses. For increasing layer thicknesses, both in plasma and in blood, the yield of ICG fluorescence increased nonlinearly for concentrations higher than 0.012 mg/ml. Saturation occurred for layers thicker than 200 μm in combination with ICG concentrations of 0.4 mg/ml and higher. Application of shear rates within the physiological range of the microcirculation (88/sec and 528/sec) increased the yield of fluorescence from the blood sample compared with stasis. The high transparency of blood for the excitation and emission light of ICG that was demonstrated will lead to superposition of fluorescence from superficial and deeper layers. This superposition precludes quantitative indocyanine angiography of ocular vessels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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