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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High forskolin production in hairy roots of Coleus forskohlii (1998)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 17 (1998), S. 457-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Forskolin ; Coleus forskohlii ; Hairy root
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hairy roots of Coleus forskohlii were induced by infection with the Agrobacterium rhizogenes MAFF 03-01724 strain. Growth and forskolin production of two hairy root clones cultured in various liquid media were examined. Hairy root clone B9 grew well in woody plant liquid medium and showed a high forskolin yield (ca. 1.3 mg/ 100 ml flask) after 5 weeks of culture. The time course of growth and forskolin production of the clone B9 cultured in woody plant liquid medium was also examined. Rapid growth started at week 2 and continued until week 5. The highest forskolin yield (ca. 1.6 mg/100 ml flask) was obtained at week 5. Productivity was much higher than that previously reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050425
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of littorine content in various developing stages of regenerates of Atropa belladonna (2000)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 19 (2000), S. 1021-1026 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Atropa belladonna ; Hairy root ; Littorine ; Root growth ; Tropane alkaloid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Aseptically propagated regenerates were cultivated in a hydroponic apparatus, a phytotron or in the field, and their growth and littorine contents were investigated. No littorine was detected in aseptic regenerates cultured on solidified Murashige and Skoog medium, nor was it found in leaves under the three conditions tested. In roots, it was common features to all three conditions tested that littorine increased dramatically after transplantation from culture tubes and was a major alkaloid up to week 4; subsequently the littorine contents varied depending on the cultivation conditions. Roots cultivated in the field showed a marked thickening and rapid disappearance of littorine; those cultivated in the hydroponic apparatus were thin and maintained a high level of littorine for a long time. In a plant cultivated for 16 weeks in a pot, littorine content in the roots decreased with increasing root diameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990000231
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and identification of littorine from hairy roots of Atropa belladonna (1998)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 18 (1998), S. 249-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key wordsAtropa belladonna ; Hairy root ; Littorine ; Root culture ; Tropane alkaloid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A hairy root clone (M8) of Atropa belladonna, producing high levels of tropane alkaloids, was established by transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes (MAFF 03-01724). Littorine, an intermediate of tropane alkaloids, was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the alkaloid fraction of the hairy roots and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Littorine was also detected in the non-transformed root culture of A. belladonna.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050565
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The inhibitory interneurones within the cerebellar cortex (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inhibitory interneurones ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Extracellular microelectrode recording has been employed to study the responses of three types of interneurones in the cat cerebellar cortex: basket cells, superficial stellate cells and Golgi cells. The large unitary spike potentials of single cells were sharply localized and presumably were generated by impulse discharges from the cell somata. The characteristics of their responses described below sharply distinguished them from Purkinje cells. 2. The parallel fibre volleys generated by surface stimulation of a folium evoked brief repetitive discharges that were graded in respect of frequency and number. Maximum responses had as many as 10 impulses at an initial frequency of 500/sec. 3. At brief test intervals there was facilitation of the response to a second parallel fibre volley; at about 50 msec it passed over to depression for over 500 msec. 4. Stimulation deep in the cerebellum in the region of the fastigial nucleus (juxta-fastigial, J.F.) evoked by synaptic action a single or double discharge, presumably by the mossy fibre-granule cell-parallel fibre path, but climbing fibre stimulation from the inferior olive also usually had a weak excitatory action evoking never more than one impulse. 5. J.F. stimulation also had an inhibitory action on the repetitive discharge evoked by a parallel fibre volley. Possibly this is due to the inhibitory action of impulses in Purkinje cell axon collaterals. 6. There was a slow (7–30/sec) and rather irregular background discharge from all interneurones. The inhibitory actions of parallel fibre and J.F. stimulation silenced this discharge for some hundreds of milliseconds, probably by Golgi cell inhibition of a background mossy fibre input into granule cells. 7. All these various features were displayed by cells at depths from 180 to 500 μ; hence it was concluded that superficial stellate, basket and Golgi cells have similar properties, discrimination being possible only by depth, the respective depth ranges being superficial to 250μ, 250μ to 400μ, and deeper than 400μ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235206
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parallel fibre stimulation and the responses induced thereby in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 17-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parallel fibres ; Purkinje cells ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. When electrical stimuli were applied to the surface of a cerebellar folium by a local electrode (LOC), there was a propagated potential wave along the folium with a triphasic (positive-negative-positive) configuration. 2. Investigations by microelectrode recording established that this wave is produced by impulses propagating for at least 3 mm and at about 0.3 m/sec along a narrow superficial band or “beam” of parallel fibres. As expected from this interpretation, there was an absolutely refractory period of less than 1 msec and impulse annihilation by collision. 3. Complications occurred from the potential wave forms resulting from the excitation of mossy fibres by spreading of the applied LOC stimulus. These complications have been eliminated by chronically deafferenting the cerebellum. 4. When recording within the beam of excited parallel fibres there was a slow negative wave of about 20 msec duration, and deep and lateral thereto, there was a slow positive wave of approximately the same time course. 5. These potential fields were expressed in serial profile plots and in potential contour diagrams and shown to be explicable by the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action on Purkinje cells: excitatory depolarizing synapses of parallel fibre impulses on the dendrites; and hyperpolarizing inhibitory synapses of stellate and basket cells respectively on the dendrites and somata. The active excitatory synapses would be strictly on the parallel fibre beam and the inhibitory concentrated deep and lateral thereto, which is in conformity with the axonal distributions of those basket and stellate cells that would be excited by the parallel fibre beam. 6. Complex problems were involved in interpretation of slow potentials produced by a second LOC stimulus at brief stimulus intervals and up to 50 msec: there was a potentiation of the slow negative wave, and often depression of the positive wave deep and lateral to the excited beam of parallel fibres. 7. Often the LOC stimulus evoked impulse discharge from the Purkinje cells, these discharges being inhibited by a preceding LOC stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235207
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses evoked in the cerebellar cortex by stimulating mossy fibre pathways to the cerebellum (1967)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 3 (1967), S. 95-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Mossy fibre pathways ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Field potentials in the vermal cerebellar cortex generated by a mossy fibre volley along reticulo-, cuneo- and spino-cerebellar tracts were recorded with microelectrodes and analysed by the same procedures as was done for the mossy fibre responses in the cortex by juxta-fastigial (J.F.) and trans-folial (T.F.) stimulations in the previous paper (Eccles, Sasaki and Strata 1967a). li 3. All these results corroborate the analyses and the interpretations of the field potentials in the cerebellar cortex produced by T.F.- and J.F.-evoked mossy fibre volleys in the previous paper. 4. There have not been found electrophysiologically significant differences, as Szentágothai (1964) has suggested, between the modes of mossy fibre terminations of the reticulo-cerebellar and the spino-cerebellar systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233255
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the inhibitory actions of Golgi cells and of basket cells (1967)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 3 (1967), S. 81-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar inhibition ; Golgi cells ; Basket cells ; Purkinje cells ; Granule cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. There has been a comparative study of two kinds of inhibition in the cerebellar cortex: basket cell inhibition of Purkinje cells; and Golgi cell inhibition of granule cells. These inhibitory actions were assayed by the degree of inhibition of the potential waves that juxta-fastigial (J.F.) stimulation evoked in the granular or molecular layers: basket cell inhibition by the N1 wave generated by antidromic invasion of Purkinje cells; and Golgi cell inhibition of the N3 or P2 waves evoked by the mossy fibre volley in the molecular and granular layers respectively. 2. The Golgi cell inhibition produced by a parallel fibre volley (LOC stimulation) extended transversely for no more than 200 μ on either side of the narrow beam of the excited parallel fibres, whereas the spread of basket cell inhibition was much larger — to as far as 1 mm. 3. When activated by the on-beam LOC stimulation, the Golgi cell and the basket cell inhibition showed much the same threshold of the stimulation. The off-beam LOC stimulation produced only the basket cell inhibition which is in conformity with the different transverse distributions described in (2) above. 4. When evoked by J. F. or trans-folial (T. F.) stimulation, the Golgi cell inhibition had a much lower threshold than the basket cell inhibition. It is suggested that in part at least this is attributable to the direct synaptic connection from mossy fibres to Golgi cells. 5. The Golgi cell inhibition elicited by the LOC stimulation showed a relatively short time course, the maximum being attained by about 10 msec, after which there was an approximately exponential decrease so that the total duration was only about 100 msec. On the other hand, the basket cell inhibition had a much slower time course, maximum being attained at a latency of 20 to 40 msec, the total duration being even in excess of 200 msec. Suggestions are made with respect to the factors responsible for the slow time course of the basket cell inhibition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234471
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interpretation of the potential fields generated in the cerebellar cortex by a mossy fibre volley (1967)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 3 (1967), S. 58-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Mossy fibres ; Cerebellar cortex ; Golgi cells ; Granule cells ; Purkinje cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Potential fields and unitary spikes in the cat cerebellar cortex were generated specifically by mossy fibre volleys and recorded by means of microelectrodes. The mossy fibres were excited by trans-folial (T. F.) stimulation which was compared with juxtafastigial (J.F.) stimulation. Both were conditioned by local stimuli of parallel fibres. 2. In the granular layer, an incoming mossy fibre volley evoked a small diphasic potential (P1 N1) and about 0.4 msec later a second negative wave (N2) due to the excitatory synaptic current generated by synapses of mossy fibres with granule cells and Golgi cells. In the typical configuration the N2 wave usually had a superimposed double spike potential, which is due to impulses discharged first by Golgi cells and then, about 0.5 msec later, by granule cells. 3. The transmission of impulses along the perpendicular axons of the granule cells and thence along the parallel fibres gave the fairly sharp positive potential (P2) in the granular layer, and simultaneously the negative wave (N3) in the molecular layer. The parallel fibre impulses, in turn, synaptically excited and so evoked local responses and action potentials in the dendrites of Purkinje and other cells, which aided in the production of the latter part of the N3 wave. 4. The impulses in the Purkinje cell dendrites propagate into the granular layer via the Purkinje cell somata and axons so producing the negative wave (N4) in the Purkinje and the granular layer. 5. The late and prolonged positive wave (P3) may be attributable to the deep active sources produced by postsynaptic inhibition of Purkinje cells and of granule cells by basket and Golgi cells respectively. 6. There has been good correlation between the physiological findings and the anatomical structures of the various types of cells and the synaptic connections, even to the synapses of mossy fibres on Golgi cell dendrites that have been recently described by HÁmori and SzentÁgothai.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234470
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