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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dose-intense therapy with etoposide, ifosfamide, cisplatin, and epirubicin (VIP-E) in 107 consecutive patients with limited- and extensive-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 8 (1997), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: chemotherapy ; hematopoietic growth-factor support ; high-dose chemotherapy ; non-small-cell lung cancer ; peripheral blood stem cell transplantation ; treatment toxicity and mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: We conducted a phase I/II trial to assess the feasibilityand activity of combination chemotherapy with etoposide, ifosfamide,cisplatin, and epirubicin in limited-stage (LS, stage I–IIIB) andextensive-stage (ES, stage IV) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). End-pointswere treatment-related morbidity and mortality, response rate, duration ofresponse, and survival. Patients and methods: Chemotherapy followed by granulocytecolony-stimulating factor was given at a dose of etoposide (500mg/m2), ifosfamide (4000 mg/m2), cisplatin (50mg/m2), and epirubicin (50 mg/m2) (VIP-E) to107 patients with NSCLC. Twenty-five patients with qualifying responsesproceeded to high-dose chemotherapy with autologous peripheral blood stem celltransplantation after etoposide (1500 mg/m2), ifosfamide(12,000 mg/m2), carboplatin (750 mg/m2) andepirubicin (150 mg/m2) (VIC-E) conditioning. Results of conventional-dose VIP-E: 35 of 102 (34%) evaluablepatients responded (2 CR's, 33 PR's), 33/102 patients (33%) showed nochange (NC); the remainder of patients progressed with therapy (PD). Objectiveresponse rate was 68% (4% CR, 64% PR) in LS-NSCLC and23% (1.4% CR, 21.4% PR) in ES-NSCLC. Median duration ofsurvival was 13 months in LS-NSCLC and 5.5 months in ES-NSCLC. Two-yearsurvival was 26% in LS and 2% in ES-NSCLC. Results of high-dose VIC-E: 23 of 24 evaluable patients improved ormaintained prior responses (92%), 1 patient showed NC. Treatmentmortality was 4%. Median duration of survival was 17 months in LS-NSCLCand 10 months in ES-NSCLC. Two-year survival was 30% in LS and8% in ES-NSCLC. Conclusion: Response-rates and survival after conventional-dose VIP-Echemotherapy are comparable to other published trials of combinationchemotherapy in NSCLC. Toxicity and mortality is acceptable in limited stage,but unacceptably high in extensive stage NSCLC. Although better response-rateswere achieved in the high-dose arm, they did not translate into improvedsurvival. Most stage IV NSCLC-patients will neither benefit from VIP-Econventional dose, nor from VIC-E high dose chemotherapy. Whether selectedLS-patients with partial or complete responses to VIP-E induction chemotherapycould benefit from dose intensification in an adjuvant or neo-adjuvant settingremains to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008209713568
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dose-intense therapy with etoposide, ifosfamide, cisplatin, and epirubicin (VIP-E) in 100 consecutive patients with limited- and extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 8 (1997), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: chemotherapy ; hematopoietic growth-factor support ; high-dose chemotherapy ; peripheral blood stem cell transplantation ; small-cell lung cancer ; treatment toxicity and mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: We conducted a phase I/II trial to assess the feasibilityand activity of VIP-E chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer. End-points weretreatment-related morbidity and mortality, response to treatment, duration ofresponse, and survival. Patients and methods: Two cycles of combination chemotherapy followedby granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were given at a dose ofetoposide (500 mg/m2), ifosfamide (4000mg/m2), cisplatin (50 mg/m2), and epirubicin(50 mg/m2) to 100 consecutive patients with SCLC. Thirtypatients (19 with LD, and 11 with ED SCLC) proceeded to VIC-E high-dosechemotherapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation(PBSCT) at a cumulative dose of etoposide 1500 mg/m2,ifosfamide 12,000 mg/m2, carboplatin 750 mg/m2and epirubicin 150 mg/m2 (VIC-E). Surgical resection ofprimary tumor was attempted at the earliest feasible point. Thoracicirradiation was given after completion of chemotherapy. Results of conventional-dose VIP-E: 97 patients were evaluable forresponse. Objective response rate was 81% in LD-SCLC (33% CR,48% PR; excluding patients in surgical CR) and 77% in ED-SCLC(18% CR, 58% PR). Treatment mortality was 2%. Mediansurvival was 19 months in LD-SCLC and 6 months in ED-SCLC. Two-year survivalwas 36% in LD and 0% in ED SCLC. Results of high-dose VIC-E: All 30 patients improved on or maintainedprior responses. Four patients (13%) died of treatment-relatedcomplications. Median survival was 26 months in LD-SCLC and 8 months inED-SCLC. Two-year survival was 53% in LD and 9% in ED SCLC. Conclusion: VIP-E chemotherapy is an effective induction therapy forSCLC. Compared with traditional protocols such as ACO orcarboplatin/etoposide, response rates are slightly improved, while survivalis not different. In the LD SCLC subgroup, high-dose chemotherapy improvedresponse rates and survival, especially for patients in surgical CR prior tohigh-dose therapy. In ED SCLC, however, higher response-rates did nottranslate into improved survival. Selected LD-SCLC patients with good partialor complete remissions after prior therapy may benefit from HDC and PBSCT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008232329498
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative studies on the pre-and postterminal blood vessels in the cerebellar cortex of rhesus monkey, cat, and rat (1979)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 158 (1979), S. 51-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellar cortex ; Pre-and postterminal blood vessels ; Rhesus monkey, cat, rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the rhesus monkey, cat and rat, pial arteries give off branches which run vertically through all three layers of the cerebellar cortex. The large cortical arteries are surrounded by a perivascular space in the molecular layer. Their wall consists of several layers of smooth-muscle cells and the luminal endothelium. As the arteries reach the deeper layers of the cerebellar cortex, the number of smooth-muscle cells is reduced. In the rat, sometimes no smooth-muscle cells are detectable in the preterminal arterial vessels. If these deep arteries branch off by dichotomy of terminal vessels there occurs a gradual or complete loss of myocytes in all three species. In the cat, where cortical arteries give off branches at rightangles, there is a sphincter-like accumulation of smooth-muscle cells at the opening to the smaller branch. The postterminal vessels and veins in all species exhibit the smae mural structure found in capillaries. The wall consists only of an endothelium and occasional pericytes embedded in the basal lamina. Even the large veins which run to the pial veins show this simple mural structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315951
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Standard- and high-dose etoposide, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and epirubicin in 100 patients with small-cell lung cancer: A mature follow-up report (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 10 (1999), S. 561-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: chemotherapy ; hematopoietic growth-factor support ; high-dose chemotherapy ; peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation ; small-cell lung cancer ; treatment toxicity and mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: We conducted a phase I–II trial to assess the feasibility and activity of a combination chemotherapy regimen with etoposide, ifosfamide, cisplatin or carboplatin, and epirubicin in limited-disease (LD, stages I–IIIB) and extensive-stage (ED, stage IV) small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Patients and methods: Standard-dose chemotherapy (SDC) consisting of etoposide (500 mg/m2), ifosfamide (4000 mg/m2), cisplatin (50 mg/m2) and epirubicin (50 mg/m2) (VIP-E), followed by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), was given to 100 patients with SCLC. Thirty patients with qualifying responses to VIP-E proceeded to high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation (PBSCT) after etoposide (1,500 mg/m2), ifosfamide (12,000 mg/m2), carboplatin (750 mg/m2) and epirubicin (150 mg/m2) (VIC-E) conditioning. Results of standard-dose VIP-E: Ninety-seven patients were evaluable for response. The objective response rate was 81% in LD SCLC (33% CR, 48% PR; excluding patients in surgical CR) and 77% in ED SCLC (18% CR, 58% PR). The treatment-related mortality (TRM) of SDC was 2%. Two additional patients in CR from their SCLC developed secondary non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC), and both were cured by surgery. The median survival was 19 months in LD SCLC and 6 months in ED SCLC. The five-year survivals were 36% in LD and 0% in ED SCLC. Results of high-dose VIC-E: HDC was feasible in 16% of ED-, and 58% of LD-patients. All HDC patients (n = 30) improved or maintained prior responses. Four patients died of early treatment-related complications (TRM 13%). Two additional patients in CR from their SCLC developed secondary malignancies (esophageal cancer, secondary chronic myelogenous leukemia). The median survivals were 26 months in LD SCLC, and 8 months in ED SCLC. The five-year survival was 50% in LD and 0% in ED SCLC. Conclusions: Despite high response rates, survival after VIP-E SDC and VIC-E HDC in patients with ED SCLC is not superior to that achieved with less toxic traditional regimens. The high five-year survival rates achieved with these protocols in LD SCLC probably reflect both patient selection (high proportion of patients with prior surgical resection) and the high activity of our chemotherapy regimen in combination with radiotherapy. A study comparing protocols using simultaneous radiation therapy and chemotherapy, and other dose-escalated forms of SDC with HDC is needed to further define the role of this treatment modality in SCLC. Given the high rate of secondary malignancies observed in patients in CR 〉2 years in our study, close follow-up and early treatment of these neoplasms may contribute to maintaining overall survival in patients with SCLC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026453922931
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional differences in the distribution of golgi cells in the cerebellar cortex of man and some other mammals (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellar cortex ; Man and other mammals ; Golgi cells ; Regional differences ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The number of Golgi cells per unit volume was determined in different regions of the cerebellar cortex of man and of ten other mammals. Despite the general belief in the uniform architecture of the cerebellar cortex, regional differences in the distribution of Golgi cells were found. In the inferior parts of the vermis, the number of Golgi cells per unit volume is twice that in the corresponding hemispheres. In addition, there are differences between the anterior and inferior parts of the vermis. These differences are a feature of the cytoarchitecture of the cerebellum in man and all the investigated mammals. The ratio of Purkinje cells to Golgi cells was also determined and found to differ in different species. In man, this ratio is 1∶1.5, while in the monkey and cat it is almost 1∶1.9 and in the rat 1∶3.3. These differences in the ratio of Purkinje cells to Golgi cells are discussed from the point of view of cerebellar evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226610
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell number and cell density in the cerebellar cortex of man and some other mammals (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 157 (1975), S. 115-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellar cortex ; Man and other mammals ; Number of cells ; Evolution of cerebellar cortex ; Quantitative analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The number of cells per unit volume was determined in the cerebellar cortex of man and 19 other mammals. The cell density (i.e. the number of cells per unit volume) decreases from mammals with a low brain weight to those with a higher brain weight. This decrease in the number of cells is found to be proportional for all three layers of the cerebellar cortex. In addition, the ratio of Purkinje cells to granule cells was determined. In contrast to the decrease of all cell types with increasing brain weight, this ratio varies remarkably among the mammals and is not correlated with brain weight. In man, this ratio is 1∶2991, while it is lower in all other mammals investigated. These differences in the ratio of Purkinje cells to granule cells and the decrease in cell density with increasing brain weight are discussed in relation to brain evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223234
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Ultrastruktur der Kapillaren der Kleinhirnrinde und das perikapilläre Gewebe (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 83-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Capillaries ; Cerebellar cortex ; Cat ; Blood-brain-barrier ; Electronmicroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kapillaren im Kleinhirn der Katze haben einen Durchmesser von 3,5–12 μ. Im Stratum granulosum finden sich vorwiegend engere, im Stratum moleculare und in der Purkinjezellschicht meist weitere Kapillaren. Die Endothelzellen bilden schmale Lamellen, die sich teilweise überlappen und durch „tight junctions“ miteinander verbunden sind. Vom umgebenden Kleinhirngewebe sind sie durch eine Basalmembran abgegrenzt, die sich häufig in zwei Schichten spaltet, zwischen denen Perizyten mit ihren Fortsätzen liegen. Diese sind vornehmlich im Stratum granulosum am Aufbau der Kapillarwand beteiligt. Um die Kapillaren bilden Astrozyten mit ihren Fortsätzen, zum großen Teil aber auch mit ihren Perikaryen, einen unvollständigen Mantel. An den von Astrozyten freien Anteilen der Kapillaroberfläche grenzen Oligodendrozyten, Körnerzellen und Golgizellen mit ihren Perikaryen direkt an die Basalmembran der Kapillaren. Purkinjezellen liegen dagegen nicht unmittelbar der Kapillare an, sondern sind immer durch eine Schicht von Korbzellaxonen und Gliafortsätzen von der Basalmembran getrennt. Kapillaren mit einem Durchmesser von mehr als 10 μ besitzen einen perikapillären Raum. Dieser ist sowohl gegen die Glia als auch gegen das Endothel der Kapillare durch eine Basalmembran abgegrenzt. Im perivaskulären Raum findet man Perizyten, Fibroblasten und zirkulär verlaufende kollagene Fasern.
    Notes: Summary The capillaries in the cerebellar cortex of the cat have a diameter varying from 3.5 to 12 μ. In the granular layer the capillaries have a smaller diameter than those in the molecular and the Purkinje-cell layer. The endothelium forms slender lamellae which partially overlap. These lamellae are connected with each other by tight junctions. The capillaries are separated from the pericapillary compartment by a basement membrane which often splits into two layers; in between these layers processes of pericytes are located. The pericytes make up a part of the capillary wall mainly in the granular layer. Around the capillaries the astrocytes form an incomplete glial sheath with their processes and also with their pericaryon. Those parts of the capillary basement membrane which are not covered by astrocytes or their processes, are in contact with oligodendrocytes, granule cells or Golgi cells. The Purkinje cells have no intimate contact to the capillary, they are always separated from the basement membrane by a thin layer of basket cell axons and processes of astrocytes. The capillaries with a diameter greater than 10 μ often have a perivascular space. This space is separated from the endothelium as well as from the nervous tissue by a basement membrane. In the pericapillary space pericytes, fibroblasts and circularly arranged collagenous fibers are located.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306890
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Different patterns in the arrangement of basket cell axons in various parts of the cerebellar cortex (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 343-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellar cortex ; Rhesus monkey, cat ; Basket cell axons ; Regional differences ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the cerebellar cortex of rhesus monkey and cat differences in the arrangement of basket cell axons and dendrites are described. In the anterior lobe, basket cell axons are short, very small in number and of a small diameter. In the posterior and nodulofloccular lobe, these fibers form plexus-like accumulations within the lower third of the molecular layer. In these parts they are longer, more numerous and bigger in diameter. Finally the contribution of Lugaro cell dendrites to this fiber accumulation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224545
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