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  • Chemistry  (91)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (23)
  • Node of Ranvier  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 349 (1974), S. 133-148 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Node of Ranvier ; Sodium Permeability ; Aconitine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of aconitine (10−5–10−6 g/ml) on membrane potentials and membrane currents of myelinated nerve fibres of Xenopus laevis was investigated. The following observations were made: a) Current clamp conditions: Slow depolarization (10–15 mV), decrease of amplitude and maximum rate of rise of action potential, finally inexcitability. With inward current pulses ‘hyperpolarizing responses’ could be elicited at membrane potentials more negative than the resting potential (E r ). Neither spontaneous activity nor repetitive responses to electrical stimuli were observed. No effects of aconitine were found in Na-free solutions or in the presence of tetrodotoxin. b) Voltage clamp conditions: Development of steady inward current at normal resting potential due to formation of a non-inactivating sodium permeability; heavily poisoned nodes therefore exhibit an N-shaped steady-state current voltage relation with negative slope at membrane potentials more negative thanE r . These non-inactivating sodium channels open more slowly than normal sodium channels, and can only be closed by hyperpolarizing the membrane by about 50 mV. The majority of sodium channels have almost normalτ m; theirm ∞ andh ∞-V relations are shifted by 10–15 mV towardsE r . It is concluded that these changes of the sodium permeability account for the changes of electrical activity observed after treatment with aconitine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 303 (1968), S. 133-149 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Node of Ranvier ; Ionic Currents ; Scorpion Venom ; Ranvierscher Schnürring ; Ionenströme ; Skorpiongift
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Wirkung von Skorpiongift (10−6 g/ml) auf die Ionenströme einzelner markhaltiger Nervenfasern von Xenopus laevis wurde in voltage-clamp-Experimenten untersucht. 2. Skorpiongift beeinflußt sowohl die Natrium- als auch die Kalium-Permeabilität der Schnürringmembran. 3. Die hauptsächlichen Wirkungen des Skorpiongiftes auf die Natrium-PermeabilitätP Na sind: a) Die maximale Natrium-Permeabilität $$\bar P_{_{{\rm N}a} } $$ wird auf 60% ihres an der unvergifteten Membran gemessenen Wertes reduziert. b) Die Natriuminaktivierung wird stark verlangsamt und verläuft in zwei Phasen. c) Der zeitliche Verlauf vonP Na kann unter der Annahme beschrieben werden, daß die Variableh aus zwei Komponentenx undy besteht, deren Zeitkonstanten τ x und τ y 4 bzw. 200 mal so groß sind wie τ h der unvergifteten Membran. 4. Die Wirkungen des Skorpiongiftes auf die Kalium-PermeabilitätP K sind: a) Die maximale Kalium-PermeabilitätP K' wird auf etwa 35% ihres Normalwertes vermindert. b) Der Anstieg vonP K bei Depolarisation wird verlangsamt; zwei Phasen können unterschieden werden. 5. Die Wirkungen auf die Natrium-Inaktivierung und auf die Kalium-Permeabilität können die unter dem Einfluß von Skorpiongift beobachtete extreme Verlängerung des Aktionspotentials erklären.
    Notes: Summary 1. The action of scorpion venom (10−6 g/ml) on the ionic currents of single myelinated nerve fibres of Xenopus laevis was studied in voltage clamp experiments. 2. Scorpion venom was found to affect the sodium permeability as well as the potassium permeability of the nodal membrane. 3. The main effects of scorpion venom on the sodium permeabilityP Na are: a) The maximum sodium permeability $$\bar P_{_{{\rm N}a} } $$ is reduced to 60% of its value in the unpoisoned membrane. b) The sodium inactivation is markedly slowed and proceeds in two phases. c) The time course ofP Na can be described assuming that the variableh is the sum of two componentsx andy, whose time constants τ x and τ y are 4 and 200 times τh of the unpoisoned membrane. 4. The effects of scorpion venom on the potassium permeabilityP K are: a) The maximum potassium permeabilityP K' is reduced to about 35% of its normal value. b) The increase ofP K' upon depolarisation is slowed down; two phases can be distinguished. 5. The effects on sodium inactivation and potassium permeability may explain the extreme prolongation of the action potential under the influence of scorpion venom.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 303 (1968), S. 150-161 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Node of Ranvier ; Sodium Inactivation ; Scorpion Venom ; Ranvierscher Schnürring ; Natrium-Inaktivierung ; Skorpiongift
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Wirkung von Skorpiongift auf die Inaktivierung der Natrium-PermeabilitätP Na wurde in voltage-clamp-Experimenten an einzelnen markhaltigen Nervenfasern von Xenopus laevis untersucht. 2. Beim normalen Ruhepotential warP Na der vergifteten Membran stärker inaktiviert als an der unvergifteten Membran; bei starken Depolarisationen war die Inaktivierung jedoch unvollständig. 3. Der zeitliche Verlauf vonP Na konnte unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen mit den Hodgkin-Huxley-Gleichungen beschrieben werden, die wie folgt modifiziert wurden: a) die Variableh wurde durch eine schnelle Komponentex und eine langsame Komponentey ersetzt; b) die Komponentex nahm selbst bei Depolarisationen von mehr als 40 mV nicht auf Null ab.
    Notes: Summary 1. The action of scorpion venom on the inactivation of the sodium permeabilityP Na was studied in voltage-clamp experiments on single myelinated nerve fibres of Xenopus laevis. 2. At the normal resting potentialP Na of the poisoned membrane was more inactivated than the control; at large depolarizations inactivation was, however, incomplete. 3. The time course ofP Na under various experimental conditions could be described by theHodgkin-Huxley equations modified as follows: a) the variableh was split into a fast and a slow component (x andy, respectively); b) componentx did not vanish even for depolarizations by more than 40 mV.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 333 (1972), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Node of Ranvier ; Ionic Currents ; Scorpion Venom ; Calcium Ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Voltage clamp experiments were done on myelinated nerve fibres of Xenopus laevis to study the effect of calcium on the ionic currents of the nodal membrane treated with scorpion venom. Increasing the calcium concentration of the medium from 1.8 to 7.2 mM produced the following changes of the sodium and potassium permeabilities,P Na andP K: a) The incomplete sodium inactivation, which is typical for nodes of Ranvier treated with scorpion venom, is abolished. The curves relatingm ∞ and τ m to membrane potential are shifted by 8–10 mV towards larger depolarizations.P Na and the time constants of the fast and slow components of the sodium inactivation remain practically unchanged. b) The maximum potassium permeability,P K, which is reduced by scorpion venom to 45% of the value observed in the normal node, increases to 68% by addition of calcium ions; τ n is unchanged. These effects of calcium ions on the ionic permeabilities explain the shortening of the extremely prolonged action potential and the inhibition of spontaneous activity observed in nodes of Ranvier poisoned with scorpion venom.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 248 (1997), S. 139-151 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ein neuartiges organisch-anorganisches Hybridmaterial wurde durch den Einbau des Minerals Böhmit mittels eines Sol-Gel-Prozesses in ein Kevlar-Nomex-Copolymeres hergestellt. Durch Reaktion eines Gemisches aus m- und p-Phenylendiamin mit Terephthaloylchlorid und anschließender Umsetzung mit Aminophenyltrimethoxysilan wurden Poly(phenylenterephthalamid)-Ketten mit Aminophenyltri-methoxysilan-Endgruppen synthetisiert. In dieser Polymermatrix wurde die Hydrolyse der Alkoxygruppen einer Lösung von Aluminium-sec-butanolat in Butanol durchgeführt. Dadurch wurde ein chemisch an die Aramid-Ketten gebundenes anorganisches Netzwerk aufgebaut. Aus den hergestellten Hybridmaterialien mit unterschiedlichen Böhmit-Gehalten in der Aramidmatrix wurden Filme gegossen. Die Filme aus Hybridmaterial mit bis zu 15 Gew.-% Böhmit waren transparent gelb, während bei 20 und mehr Gew.-% Böhmit opake Filme erhalten wurden. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Filme wurden untersucht. Zugfestigkeit, Zugmodul, Härte und maximale Bruchdehnung nahmen mit steigendem Böhmitgehalt zunächst zu, vemngerten sich jedoch bei weiterer Erhöhung des Mineralanteils wieder. Der Zugmodul des Hybridmaterials bei 25°C lag zwischen 3,0 und 4,5 GPa. Die Materialien hielten einer maximalen Zugspannung von 252 MPa stand und zeigten Zersetzungstemperaturen von etwa 450°C. Die rnit DMTA ermittelten Werte für den Speichemodul lagen im Bereich 7,6-18,9 GPa. Das tan δ-Signal verbreiterte sich mit zunehmendem Böhmitanteil und ging bei hohen Böhmitgehalten in eine Schulter über. Die Signalpositionen des Verlustfaktors wurden infolge der zunehmenden sterischen Einschränkung der Segmentbewegungen rnit steigendem anorganischen Anteil zu höheren Temperaturen verschoben.
    Notes: A new organic-inorganic hybrid material was prepared by incorporating boehmite into a Kevlar-Nomex copolymer via a sol-gel process. Poly(phenylene-terephthalamide) chains having aminophenyltrimethoxysilane end groups were prepared by reacting a mixture of m-and p-phenylenediamine with terephthaloyl chloride, followed by end-capping with aminophenyltrimethoxysilane. The hydrolysis of the alkoxy groups of an aluminium sec-butoxide solution in butanol was carried out in the polymer matrix, thus creating an inorganic network structure combined chemically with the aramid chains. Hybrid materials containing different proportions of boehmite in aramid were thus produced and films were cast by solvent evaporation technique. These films with up to 15 wt.-% of boehmite were yellow and transparent, whereas the films with 20 wt.-% or more contents of boehmite were opaque. Mechanical properties of these films were analyzed. The values of tensile strength, initial modulus, toughness and maximum strain at rupture were initially found to increase and then decrease with further addition of boehmite. The tensile modulus of the hybrid material was found to be in the range of 3.0-4.5 GPa at 25°C. These ceramers were found to withstand maximum tensile stress of the order of 252 MPa, and the thermal decomposition temperature was around 450°C. The storage modulus as measured using DMTA was in the range of 7.6-18.9 GPa. The tan δ peak which in general became broader with increasing boehmite content showed a shoulder for composites containing large amounts of boehmite. The position of the peaks shifted towards high temperature with the increase in the inorganic contents showing hindrance in motion with increasing boehmite contents.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Deactivation Behaviour of Arenes and Heteroarenes. XXXVI. The Solvent and Temperature Dependence of Deactivation Behaviour of 9, 9′-Bis(acridizinium-yl) at High ConcentrationAt room temperature the geometrical structure of the fluoresceing singlet state of 9, 9′-bis(acridizinium-yl) is determined by the solvent. In solvents of the type A (water, methanol, acetonitril) a plain S1-state emits, in the case of the solvent type B (ethanol, propanol-(2)) the S1-state is twisted. Both excited states have different emission spectroscopical properties.At high concentration (c ≥ 10-4 mol l-1) in the case of the solvent type B a new emission band is observed, and the monomer emission is quenched. This new band is interpreted as a fluorescence from a molecular associate in the excited state. The intensity of this associate band is increasing with decreasing temperature. It is shown that this band is the result of molecular association in the ground state. From the photochemical irradiation it follows that only in the case of the solvent type B a photocycloaddition is possible. The plain S1-state does not react.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 507-510 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 23-29 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: New Sol-Gel Based Coatings as Corrosion- and Wear-Protection On Non-Ferrous MetalsA new composite coating material has been developed for the protection of non-ferrous alloys (e.g. aluminum, magnesium, zinc and brass). The coating materials were prepared by the solgel process from epoxyalkoxysilanes and aromatic diols to act as crosslinking agents. As solvent, alcohols and glycol ethers have been used.The viscosity of the system (7-55 mPas) was established in a way to be used in spray, dip or flow coating processes. The transparent coatings were cured at T = 100-220°C. In corrosion tests, 3000 hours salt-spray climate and 240 hours CASS-test = Copper chloride and Acetic acid added Salt Spray, no infiltration of the metal-coating interface and no „filiform-corrosion“ on A199.5, AlMg3 and AlMgSil was observed. Brass samples showed less than 4 mm extension of a scribe after 500 hours salt-spray-test. The coatings showed no visible traces of abrasion after 1000 cycles taber abrader test and an excellent adhesion (cross cut and tape-test: grade 0). The transparent basic systems were pigmented by 5 - 10 wt.% of colored organic pigments to obtain all kind of colored coatings.
    Notes: Es wurde ein neuer Beschichtungswerkstoff auf Basis von anorganisch-organischen Kompositen zum Schutz von Metalloberflächen, besonders von Aluminium entwickelt. Das Beschichtungsmaterial wurde über den Sol-Gel-Prozeß synthetisiert, ausgehend von Epoxy-funktionalisierten Alkoxysilanen und aromatischen Diolen als Quervernetzer. Als Lösungsmittel wurden Alkohole und Glykolether verwendet.Die Viskosität der Systeme wurde so eingestellt, daß sowohl Sprüh-, als auch Tauch- und Flut-Beschichtungen durchgeführt werden konnten. Sie lag zwischen 7 und 55 mPas. Nach dem thermischen Verdichtungsprozeß bei 100-220°C wurden transparente Beschichtungen mit ausgezeichneter Haftung auf Al-Mg-, Zn-und Messing-Oberflächen (Gitterschnitt- und Tape-Test: Klasse 0) erhalten. Die Korrosionsfestigkeit beschichteter Aluminiumlegierungen (Al 99.5, AlMg3, AlMgSi I) wurde mit dem Salzsprühverfahren (DIN 50021) und dem CASS-Test (NaCl, CuCl2·2H2O, Essigsäure, pH=3) geprüft und auch nach 3000 Stunden trat keine Unterwanderung der Grenzfläche Metall / Schicht auf. Ebenso wurde keine „Filiform“-Korrosion beobachtet. Messingproben zeigten nach 500 h Salzsprühnebel-Test weniger als 4 mm mittlere Unterwanderungsbreite. Darüber hinaus wurde die Abriebbeständigkeit der Proben überprüft. Die Schichten zeigten keine sichtbare Beschädigung nach Prüfung des Abriebes mit dem Reibradverfahren (1000 Zyklen, Räder: CS 10-F).Es konnten stabile Dispersionen von organischen Farbpigmenten im transparenten Basissystem hergestellt werden, wodurch eine große Vielfalt farbiger Beschichtungen erhalten wurde.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 339 (1997), S. 482-484 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On the Mass Spectrometric Characterization of ω-Chloralkylphenylphosphines
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 41 (1990), S. 303-307 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of HCl and Cl2 on high temperature corrosion of 2 1/4Cr 1 Mo Steel in atmospheres with high oxygen pressuresThe oxidation of the 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo steel was investigated at 773 K in oxidizing He-O2-HCl atmospheres. The addition of HCl to He-O2 atmospheres leads to accelerated oxidation rates. Below porous and cracked oxide scales condensed chlorides are formed. At low HCl pressures 0-1000 vppm the “active oxidation” is determining the corrosion process; i.e. oxidation of evaporating chlorides within the oxide scale. For higher HCl contents 1000-3000 vppm the corrosion behaviour changes to paralinear; i.e. simultaneous parabolic oxide growth and linear mass loss by chloride evaporation.
    Notes: Die Oxidation des 2 1/4Cr1Mo-Stahls in oxidierenden He-O2-HCl-Atmosphären bei 773 K wurde untersucht. Der Zusatz von HCl zu He-O2-Atmosphären führt zu stark beschleunigter Oxidation. Unter porösen und rissigen Oxidschichten bilden sich feste Chloride. Bei niedrigen HCl-Drücken 0-1000 vppm bestimmt „aktive Oxidation“ den Korrosionsprozeß; d.h. Oxidation flüchtiger Chloride innerhalb der Oxidschicht. Bei höheren HCl-Drücken 1000-3000 vppm erfolgt ein Übergang zum paralinearen Korrosionsverhalten, d.h. gleichzeitiges parabolisches Oxidwachstum und lineare Massenabnahme durch das Abdampfen von Chloriden.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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