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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 4 (1990), S. 159-162 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The mass spectral set comprising the “hitlist” of a library search for spectra similar to that of an unknown is investigated by exploratory data analysis. Principal-component mapping is used to present the “hitlist” as a two-dimensional plot which allows an interactive classification of the unknown and the recognition of erroneous library spectra.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 19 (1992), S. 55-59 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In an NiFe/Ta system, interface widths (Δz) are compared for sputter profiles with stationary and rotating sample holder (Zalar rotation). For low sputter angles, the Zalar rotation brings considerable improvements in Δz. For higher sputter angles, the improvement available through Zalar rotation vanishes as self-shadowing due to crystallites with less favorable orientation becomes the dominating rate mechanism. The improvement is further reduced for thinner films much below 1000 Å. For low sputter energies and films 125 Å thick, Zalar rotation has no influence. The limit of depth resolution was 30 Å, which resulted from the substrate-induced roughness of the NiFe/Ta interface. The interface width's maximum near 30° for stationary sputter etching is characteristic of sputter-deposited fcc films.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 20 (1993), S. 1051-1054 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The dependence of depth resolution Δz/z on the sputtering angle θ is investigated for three sputter-deposited films: Cr (bee), SiNx (amorphous) and FeCoTb (amorphous). The depth resolution for the Cr system exhibits two maxima at θ = 35° and 45°. These are characteristic for bee textured material but different from fee textured material. The amorphous films show a very weak dependence, if any, owing to the absence of crystallites and crystalline texture. These results are in accordance with channeling theory.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aldoses, ketoses, deoxy-aldoses, deoxy-keto-aldoses, lactones, deoxy-lactones and other similar compounds are readily reduced by NaBD4 to the corresponding polyalcohol. Their trimethylsilyl ethers show characteristic mass spectra which allow firm assignments of the position of deuteration and hence of the nature of the starting sugar compound. The g.c./m.s. coupling technique even allows trace analysis since full information can be derived from the most intense fragments of the mass spectra.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aldosuloses and dialdoses are readily converted to the corresponding acyclic methyloxime trimethylsilyl derivatives which give characteristic mass spectra. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry coupling technique also allows trace analysis since full information can be derived from the most intense fragment ions of the mass spectra which mainly arise from fragmentations β and δ to the O-methyloxime group.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For databases containing spectra and structures of the reference compounds, structural descriptors (‘fragments’) have been derived that are used for structure searches in the databases. The 190 fragments have been defined according to the contents of the Wiley/NBS Mass Spectral Database and to fragmentation behaviour. A search for structures with defined fragments (absence or presence of certain fragments) retrieves certain classes of compounds. An application for checking a reference spectrum is discussed. A search for structures similar to a target structure has been developed to be used in cases where a structure can be proposed for the unknown compound. The most closely related structures existing in the database will be selected, the respective spectra often being the key for interpretation or structure elucidation, as illustrated by an example.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Addition of Organomagnesium Halides to C=C Bonds, VII. - Reactions of 1- and 3-Sub-stituted Allylmagnesium Halides with OlefinsThe addition of allylmagnesium compounds substituted in position 1 and/or 3 (CIMgCHR3CH =CR1R2; 1-4) to olefins (CH2=CHR4; 8,13,20,27) has been investigated. The reactions were carried out in polar and non-polar media and within a temperature range of 20-130°C. The 3-alkyl-2-propenylmagnesium halides add of either C-1 or C-3 of the alkenyl group to the C= C-bond, giving CIMgCH2CHR4CHR3CH =CR1R2 (9,14,21) or CIMgCH2CHR4CRl-R2CH=CHR3 (11,16, 23, 32 and 33), respectively. The selectivity in favour of addition with C-3 decreases with increasing temperature and bulk of the alkene. Besides normal metal-to-C-1 addition metal-to-C-2 addition is also observed and predominates in the case of additions to styrene (27). - Apart from the various directions of addition of the metal and the alternative attack of the alkenyl group, skeletal rearrangements are also observed which proceed via intermediate formation of cyclobutylmethylmetal. Addition of 1 or 2 to 1-octene (20) followed by hydrolysis leads to the methylcyclobutane derivatives 69 or 59 and 62, respectively. The difference in free enthalpy between primary and secondary alkylmagnesium chloride is estimated to be  -  3 to  -  4 kcal 'mol-1. The gain in free enthalpy on conversion of secondary or tertiary 4-alkenyl- into primary cyclobutylmethylmagnesium can be utilized for the synthesis of cyclobutyl derivatives of magnesium. - At 40°C 2-butenylmagnesium chloride (1) and bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-en (73) form the 1:l-adduct 76, which on heating is cyclized to the tricycle78. Isomerizations occur as well as an opening reaction of the saturated five membered ring to give 1-[3-(l-propenyl)cyclopentyl]allylmagnesium chloride (88). - The first intra- molecular cycloaddition of a 4-alkenylmagnesium 36 to give a cyclopentylmagnesium compound 84 has been demonstrated. Starting from octadienylenemagnesium 98 and ethylene (8) mainly Clo-cyclopentane derivatives (e. g. 100) are formed together with small amounts of open chain Clz-alkadienes. On reaction of 2,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienylenemagnesium (92) with 8 1 :2 adducts predominate (e. g. 95).
    Notes: Es wird die Addition von in 1- und/oder 3-Stellung substituierten Allylmagnesiumverbindungen (ClMgCHR3CH=CRlR2; 1 -4)an Olefine (CH2=CHR4; 8,13,20,27) im Temperaturbereich 20- 130°C in polaren und unpolaren Reaktionsmedien untersucht. Die 3-Alkyl-2-propenyl-magnesiumhalogenide addieren sich dabei entweder mit C-1 oder C-3 des Alkenylrestes an die C=C-Bindung, wobei Verbindungen des Typs CIMgCH2CHR4CHR3CH=CR1R2 (9,14,21) bzw. CIMgCH2CHR4CR1R2CH=CHR3 (11,16,23,32 und 33) entstehen. Die Selektivität zugunsten der Anlagerung mit C-3 nimmt mit zunehmender Temperatur und sterischem Anspruch des Alkens ab. Neben der normalen (Metall-an-C-1)-Addition wird auch (Metall-an-C-2)-Addition beobachtet, die bei Additionen an Styrol (27) überwiegt. - Außer den unterschiedlichen Additionsrichtungen des Metalls und den alternativen Angriffen des Alkenylrestes werden noch Gerüstumlagerungen beobachtet, die über die intramolekulare Bildung von Cyclobutylmethylmetall verlaufen. Nach Addition von 1 oder 2 an I-Octen (20) und Hydrolyse lassen sich die Methylcyclobutanderivate 69 bzw. 59 und 62 nachweisen. Der Unterschied an freier Enthalpie zwischen primären und sekundären Alkylmagnesiumchloriden wird zu  - 3 bis  - 4 kcal.mo1-1 abgeschätzt. Der Gewinn an freier Enthalpie beim Übergang sekundärer und tertiärer 4-Alkenylmagnesiumverbindungen in primäres Cyclobutylmethylmagnesium läßt sich zur Synthese von Cyclobutylderivaten des Magnesiums nutzen. - 2-Butenylmagnesiumchlorid (1) und Bicyclo[2.2.l]hept-2-en (73) bilden bei 40°C das 1 : 1 -Addukt 76, das beim Erhitzen zum Tricyclus 78 cyclisiert. Weiter finden Isomerisierungen als auch Öffnung eines gesättigten Fü,nfringes zum 1-[3-(1-Propenyl)cyclo-pentyl]allylmagnesiumchlorid (88) statt. - Erstmals konnte eine intramolekulare Cyclisierung einer 4-Alkenylmagnesiumverbindung 36 zu einer Cyclopentylmagnesiumverbindung 84 nachgewiesen werden. - Aus Octadienylenmagnesium 98 und Äthylen (8) werden überwiegend Clo-Cyclopentanderivate (z. B. 100) neben wenig offenkettigem Clz-Alkadien erhalten. Aus 2,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienylenmagnesium (92) und 8 entstehen dagegen mehr 1 :2-Addukte (z. B. 95).
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organometallic Compounds LVII 1). - Comparison of the Direction of Addition of tert.-Butyl and Isopropyl Compounds of Magnesium, Aluminium and Lithium to 1-AlkenesThe direction of addition of tri-tert.-butylaluminium (l), tat.-butylmagnesium chloride (4), tert.-butyllithium (6), tri-2-propylaluminium (3), 2-propylmagnesium chloride (3, and 2-propyllithium to 1-octene as a typical I-alkene has been studied. Whereas both the lithium compounds react in a regioselective manner with addition of the metal to C-1 of the olefin, with tri-2-propylaluminium (3) metal-to-C-1 and metal-to-C-2 addition have been observed in a ratio of 38:62. Metal-to-C-2 addition predominates (85%) in the reaction involving 2-propylmagnesium chloride (5) with I-octene (2). Almost exclusive metal-to-C-2 addition occurs in the addition of the tert.-butylmagnesium compound 4 and the tert.-butylaluminium compound 1. Owing to some side reactions the yields of reaction products in all cases are moderate. - The structures of the reaction products have been established by identification of the hydrocarbons formed by hydrolysis. Tert.-butyllithium (6) adds at 75 to 9O°C to propene (22) almost exclusively with metal-to-C-1 addition. The amount of product arising from metal-to-C-2 addition is only ca. 1%. Propene (22) is metallated to allyllithium (24) in a side reaction.
    Notes: Die Additionsrichtung von Tri-tert.-butylaluminium (l), tert.-Butylmagnesiumchlorid (4), tert.-Butyllithium (6), Tri-2-propylaluminium (3), 2-Propylmagnesiumchlorid (5) und 2-Propyllithium (7) an 1-Octen (2) als typischem 1-Alken wurde studiert. Während sich beide Lithiumverbindungen weitgehend regioselektiv unter (Metall-an-C-1)-Addition anlagern, beobachtet man mit Tri-2-propylaluminium (3) (Metall-an-C-1)- und (Metall-an-C-2)-Addition im Verhältnis 38: 62. Bei der Reaktion von 2-Propylmagnesiumchlorid (5) mit I-Octen (2) überwiegt die (Metall-an-C-Z)-Addition mit einem Anteil von 85%. Bei den tert.-Butylverbindungen des Magnesium (4) und Aluminiums (1) wird nahezu ausschließlich (Metall-an-C-2)-Addition beobachtet. Wegen verschiedener Parallelreaktionen sind die Ausbeuten an Additionsprodukt in allen Fällen nur mäßig. - Die Struktur der Reaktionsprodukte wurde über die Identifizierung der bei Hydrolyse entstehenden Kohlenwasserstoffe aufgeklärt. Tert.-Butyllithium (6) addiert sich zwischen 75 und 90°C auch an Propen (22) fast ausschließlich mit (Metall-an-C-1)-Addition. Der Anteil an Reaktionsprodukt aus der (Metall-an-C-2)-Addition ist nur ca. 1 %. In einer Parallelreaktion zur Addition erfolgt Metallierung von Propen (22) zum Allyllithium (24).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Addition of Organomagnesium Halides to C = C Bonds, XI.  -  Reactions of Grignard Compounds with Butadiene and IsopreneThe 2-alkenylmagnesium halides 1-6 react with more than 90% regioselectivity with butadiene via metal-to-C-2 addition and simultaneous inversion of the 2-alkenyl group, followed by a 2,4-metal shift to give the 1:1-addition products 32, 38, 44, 13, 20 and 26. With isoprene, the metal in 1-5 predominantly adds to the less substituted C-atom 3 to give the 1:1-adducts 50, 56, 62, 68 and 76.  -  In the presence of an excess of 1,3-diene the 1:1-adducts react further to give 1:2-addition products which undergo fast intramolecular cyclization to the 2,4-divinylcyclohexylmethyl compounds 112, 114, 116, 118 and 120, and, in the case of isoprene, the 2,4-diisopropenylcyclohexylmethyl compounds 122, 124, 126, 128 and 130, respectively. Reaction of 2-methyl-2-propenylmagnesium chloride (2) or 1-methyl-2-butenylmagnesium chloride (3) with an excess of butadiene affords the 1:3-adducts 132 and 134, respectively, as cyclohexylmethyl-magnesium compounds. The cyclic 1:3-adduct 137 is also formed on reaction of tert-butylmagnesium chloride with butadiene.
    Notes: Die 2-Alkenylmagnesiumhalogenide 1-6 reagieren zu über 90% regioselektiv mit Butadien unter Metall-an-C-2-Addition bei gleichzeitiger Allylinversion und 2,4-Metallverschiebung zu den 1:1-Addukten 32, 38, 44, 13, 20 und 26. Beim Isopren überwiegt die Metalladdition an das geringer substituierte C-Atom 3. Man erhält hauptsächlich die Verbindungen 50, 56, 62, 68 und 76.  -  Mit Überschuß an 1,3-Dien reagieren die 1:1-Addukte weiter zu 1:2-Produkten, die rasch durch intramolekulare Mg - C-Addition in die 2,4-Divinylcyclohexylmethylverbindungen 112, 114, 116, 118 und 120 bzw. bei Isopren in die 2,4-Diisopropenylcyclohexylmethylmagnesiumverbindungen 122, 124, 126, 128 und 130 übergehen. Bei den Reaktionen von 2-Methyl-2-propenylmagnesiumchlorid (2) oder 1-Methyl-2-butenylmagnesiumchlorid (3) werden mit Überschuß an Butadien die 1:3-Verbindungen 132 bzw. 134 gebildet. Das cyclische 1:3-Addukt 137 entsteht auch aus tert-Butylmagnesiumchlorid und Butadien.
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Addition of Organomagnesium Halides to C=C Bonds, VI1). - Reactions of Allylmagnesium Halides with OlefinsAllylmagnesium halides 1 (la with CI,1 b with Br) and the 2-methyl derivative 2 add to ethylene, I -alkenes, butadiene, styrene and strained cycloalkenes. The reactions of 1 and 2 with ethylene, styrene and bicyclo[2.2.l]hept-2-ene as well as those of 2 with propene and I-octene, and of 1 with butadiene produce the 1 : l adducts 3, 5, 6, 8, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 50, respectively, which have been identified after hydrolysis as hydrocarbons. The additions proceed more readily in cyclohexane and diethyl ether than in tetrahydrofuran. Addition of 1a to I-octene produces mainly the 2: 1 adduct 15, which undergoes partial rearrangement to a cyclohexylmethyl derivative as a result of an intramolecular Mg-C addition. Reaction of 1 and 2 with styrene followed by hydrolysis produces a 22: 78 and a 21 : 79 mixture, respectively, of the olefins 20 and 22 and the olefins 21 and 23 corresponding to metal to C-1 and metal to C-2 addition to styrene. Addition of 1 and 2 to butadiene leads to the 1:2 adducts 32 and 45 respectively; intramolecular ring closure precludes reaction with further butadiene. The cyclization is accompanied by conversion of the 2-alkenyl- into a primary alkylmagnesium compound (31 → 32 and 44 → 45, resp.). The 1 : 3 adducts, e. g. 48 are not formed in significant amounts. The reaction of 2 with excess bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene produces mainly the 1 :2 adduct 58 as a result of several rearrangements of the 1 : 1 adduct 50 and the subsequent opening of one five-membered ring. On heating to 85°C 50 isomerizes to 53, and some degree of ring opening of 53 to 54 occurs.
    Notes: Allylmagnesiumhalogenide 1 (la mit CI, 1b mit Br) sowie deren 2-Methylderivate 2 addieren sich an Äthylen, 1-Alkene, Butadien, Styrol und gespannte Cycloalkene. Die Reaktionen von 1 und 2 mit Äthylen, Styrol und Bicyclo[2.2.l]hept-2-en sowie von 2 mit Propen und I-Octen sowie von 1 mit Butadien führen in mäßigen bis guten Ausbeuten zu den 1 :1-Addukten 3, 5, 6, 8, 20,21,22,23,24,25 und 50, die nach Hydrolyse als Kohlenwasserstoffe identifiziert wurden. Die Additionen verlaufen in Cyclohexan und Diäthyläther leichter als in Tetrahydrofuran. Die Anlagerung von l a an 1-Octen führt überwiegend zum 2:1-Addukt 15, das sich teilweise durch intramolekulare Mg-C-Addition an die Doppelbindung in ein Cyclohexylmethylderivat umlagert. Bei der Reaktion von 1 und 2 mit Styrol erhält man nach Hydrolyse ein 22: 78- bzw. 21 :79-Gemisch der Olefine 20 und 22 bzw. 21 und 23 entsprechend der Anlagerung von Metall an C-1 und C-2 des Styrols. Die Addition von 1 und 2 an Butadien führt hauptsächlich zu den 1 : 2-Addukten 32 bzw. 45, die durch intramolekularen Ringschluß, mit dem eine Umwandlung der 2-Alkenyl- in eine primäre Alkylmagnesiumverbindung 31 4 3 2 bzw. 44→45) verbunden ist, der Weiterreaktion von 31 bzw. 44 mit Butadien größtenteils entzogen werden. Die 1 :3-Addukte, z. B. 48, entstanden nur in geringer Menge. Die Reaktion von 2 mit überschüssigem Bicyclo[2.2.l]hept-2-en führt, zunächst nach 1 : 1-Addition zu 50, als Folge mehrerer Umlagerungen und Öffnung eines Fünfrings zum 1 :2-Addukt 58. Beim Erhitzen von 50 auf 85°C erfolgt Isomerisierung zu 53 und teilweise dessen Ringöffnung zu 54.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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