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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter PKW-Unfall ; Beckenringverletzung ; Verletzungsmechanismus ; Klassifikation ; Prävention ; Key words Car accident ; Pelvic injury ; Injury mechanism ; Classification ; Prevention
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract During 1985 and 1993, 7,410 persons were injured in traffic accidents in the area of Hanover. Of these, 306 (4.1%) sustained a pelvic girdle injury. In 139 cases (45%), the pelvic girdle injuries were further classified (Pennal and Tile) and a technical reconstruction of the accident situation was performed. 52% were type A, 27% type B and 21% type C injuries. Some 47% of the casualties were vehicle occupants, 31% pedestrians, 12% motorcyclists and 10% cyclists. In restrained vehicle occupants pelvic girdle injuries occurred mostly in accidents with a delta-v of more than 30 km/h, whereas in unrestrained vehicle occupants, pedestrians and cyclists they also occurred with lower delta-v or collision speed. The percentage of type B and C injuries increased with higher velocities. In addition to further improvements in passive safety, lower collision speed or delta-v is necessary to reduce or prevent pelvic girdle injuries. The reconstruction of pelvic girdle injury mechanism in traffic accidents is possible, when both technical and medical parameters are considered.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Zwischen 1985 und 1993 wurden 7.410 Verkehrsunfallverletzte im Großraum Hannover erfaßt; 306 (4,1%) erlitten eine Beckenringverletzung mit einem AIS〉2. In 139 (45%) Fällen erfolgte die Klassifikation der Beckenringverletzung nach Pennal und Tile und eine vollständige technische Rekonstruktion; 52% waren danach Typ-A-, 27% Typ-B- und 21% Typ-C-Verletzungen. Bei den Verletzten handelte es sich um 46% PKW-Insassen, 31% Fußgänger, 12% Motorradfahrer, 10% Fahrradfahrer und 1% LKW-Insassen. Die Beckenringverletzungen traten bei gurtgeschützten Fahrzeuginsassen fast ausschließlich bei einem Δ-v von über 30 km/h auf, dagegen bei ungeschützten Verkehrsteilnehmern (Fußgänger und Radfahrer) und bei nicht gurtgeschützten Fahrzeuginsassen auch schon bei Anprallgeschwindigkeiten bzw. Δ-v von 10–20 km/h. Bei höheren Geschwindigkeiten stieg der Anteil der B- und C-Verletzungen. Neben weiteren Verbesserungen der passiven Sicherheit ist zur Verminderung oder Vermeidung von Beckenringverletzungen eine Verringerung der “Unfallgeschwindigkeit” nötig. Unter Berücksichtigung aller technischen und klinischen Parameter wird eine Rekonstruktion des tatsächlichen Unfallmechanismus von Beckenringverletzungen ermöglicht.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter PKW-Unfall ; Armfraktur ; Klassifikation ; Verletzungsmechanismus ; Prävention ; Key words Car accident ; Fracture of the arm ; Injury mechanism ; Classification ; Prevention
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract During 1985 and 1995, 3,260 restrained car drivers (1,228 front seat passengers) were injured in 9,380 crashes involving cars. 179 (5.5%) (front seat passengers: 53.4%) of those sustained fractures, of the arm. Among the 384 single fractures the hand (25%), wrist (23%) and forearm (23%) were affected most often, elbow (9%), upper arm (10%) and shoulder (10%) rather seldom. Half of the evaluated fractures of the long tubular bones were type A-fractures due to the AO classification and the other two quarters, respectively type B- and C-injuries in each case. 16% were open fractures. No considerable differences of the injury mechanism were found comparing drivers and front seat passengers. Since over half of all fractures resulted from a direct impact to the hand and/or arm, modifications are necessary in order to improve the energy absorption by means of padding the dashboard and the inner door. The use of side- and front-airbags could serve as an additional auxiliary equipment, as long as it doesn't induce a supplemental stress, through unfolding of the airbag.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Bei 9.380 Unfällen mit PKW Beteiligung zwischen 1985 und 1995 im Großraum Hannover wurden 4.488 gurtgeschützte PKW-Frontinsassen (3.260 Fahrer, 1.228 Beifahrer) verletzt und 232 (5,2%) erlitten Frakturen der oberen Extremität (179 Fahrer, 5,5%), (53 Beifahrer, 4,3%). Von den 384 einzelnen Frakturen waren Hand (26%), Handgelenk (22%) und Unterarm (23%) am häufigsten betroffen, Ellbogen (9%), Oberarm (10%) und Schulter (10%) eher selten. Bei der Hälfte der evaluierten Frakturen der langen Röhrenknochen handelte es sich um Brüche des Typs A gemäß der AO-Klassifikation und zu je 1/4 um Typ B- und C-Verletzungen. Der Anteil der offenen Frakturen betrug 16%. Zwischen Fahrer und Beifahrer wurden keine wesentlichen Unterschiede in der Verletzungsentstehung beobachtet. Da über die Hälfte aller Frakturen im Rahmen eines Direktanpralles von Hand und/oder Arm erfolgen, sind Maßnahmen zur Prävention im wesentlichen in einer optimalen Energieabsorption durch Polsterung des Armaturenbrettes und der Türfläche zu sehen. Die Verwendung von Seitenairbags und auch von Front-Airbags könnten hier einen zusätzlichen Schutz liefern, sofern sie nicht im Falle einer Auslösung und zusätzliche Belastungen induzieren.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The iodine which is added to an aqueous amylose solution is bound only partly by the amylose while forming the blue complex and partly remains free. The equilibrium normality of the free and the bound iodine at half-saturation of amylose by iodine is designated as [If]v and [Ib]w, respectively. The stability of the poly iodine chain formed within the axis of amylose helices depends on its length, i.e., indirectly on the DP of the amylose helices: the greater this stability, the lower the [If]v value. The amylose molecule consists of helical segments. Such a molecule may behave as a random coil. The average length of the helical segments in freshly prepared amylose-iodine complexes depends on temperature, pH, iodide concentration, the presence of other complex-forming agents, and the DP of the amylose. This latter factor is investigated in the present paper. By the aid of an automatically recording photometrictitrating device the coherent values of [Ib] and [If] were determined. Plotting these values against DPn for mechanochemically degraded as well as for periodateo-xidized amyloses resulted in curves consisting of two linear sections. The break of the curves occurred between DPn 110 and 130. It was concluded that below DPn = 100 the DP of helical segments (= sDPn) is identical to the DPn of the total molecule, i.e., the molecule consists of only a single, relatively stiff helix. Above this limit the molecule contains several helical segments. The DP of these helical segments can be calculated as follows: sDPn = 141.1 - 10.2 × 105[If]v. This equation is considered to be valid for 0.5-0.6 mg. amylose in 100 ml. 0.1N HCl at 20°C., λ = 650 mμ, euuvet diameter 3.4 cm., the feed rate of the iodate-iodide titrating solution (in acid medium resulting in a 5 × 10-3N I2 solution with a molar iodide to iodine ratio of 1.5) is 0.4ml./min. Amylose molecules of, e.g., DPn = 1380 consist of an average of 11.4 segments having a DP of about 120 and consisting of an average of 15-18 helical turns.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The equilibrium normality [If] of free iodine in amylose-iodine complex formation is a function of the length of the polyiodine chains. This length depends on the DP of helical segments of amylose (sDPn). Values of [If] and of the concentration of the bound iodine [Ib] were determined by the continuous photometric titration with automatic recording. Plots of [Ib] versus [If] give an integral distribution curve. Since the relation between [If] and sDPn is known, the graphic differentiation of the [Ib] versus [lf] curve furnishes the differential distribution curve, representing the mass distribution of the helical segments according to their DP. The peak of this curve is characteristic of the percentage and DP of those helical segments, which occur in the largest amount. On the basis of the differential distribution curve the polymolecularity of the investigated sample may be judged. The titration of amylose samples degraded by various methods gives different distribution curves. Titrating mixtures of samples with widely differing average DP values results in differential curves having more than one maximum.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In aqueous solutions of the amylase-iodine complex the concentration of free iodine [If]v after reaching equilibrium (or closely approximating it) is determined by the following factors: temperature, pH, concentration of iodide ions and amylose, and DP of amylose. In the present paper the role of temperature, amylose concentration, and DP has been investigated. At half-saturation of amylose by iodine, the reciprocal value of free iodine defines the equilibrium constant: 1/[If]v = K. The relation between [If]v, in normality and temperature is the following: 5 + log [If]v = -(2.132/T) + 8.52, for DPn = 1290, 0.4 mg. amylose in 100 ml. 0.1N HCl. The value of the energy of activation Ea between 2 and 52°C. is 9.72 kcal./mole. The influence of amylose concentration [Am] on photometrically determined [If]v, at 20°C, in the range of 0.1-1.2 mg./100 ml. 0.1 N HCl for DPn = 1290 is: 5 + log [If]v = 0.209 - 0.047 log [Am]. At [Am] = 0.6 mg. amylose/ 100 ml. 0.1 N HCl and 20°C, the value of [If]v depends on DPn as follows: 5 + log [If]v = 0.085 = + 0.222 log (104/DPn). These above equations are summarized by the relation: [If]v = exp {16.865 - (Ea/RT)}[Am]0.047(104/DPn)0.222 ×10-5 Considering that the determination of [If]v by automatic photometric titration can be performed quickly and with appropriate reproducibility, this method is convenient for a rapid empirical and approximate determination of DP of amylose on a microscale. The iodine-binding capacity [IBC] as well as the value of λmax, have been also investigated as functions of DPn, by photometric and by amperometric titration.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 324 (1982), S. 625-630 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Reaction Behaviour of Amides with Carbondisulphide and IsothiocyanatesReactions of substituted arylamides, hetarylamides and furylacrylicamide 1 with carbon disulphide present a possibility to synthesize imino-dithiocarbonic-S,S′-diester 5. The mechanism of the reaction and the reaction conditions are investigated. Quantum chemical investigations by simple HMO-method in connection with the experimental results describe the reaction in dependence upon the influence of substituent in 2- and 4-position to the phenylring. Further more is described the reaction of amide with isothiocyanates to thiourea 6 and isothiourea 7.The structures of the final products are determined by analytical dates.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 325 (1983), S. 1011-1015 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: 1H- and 13C-N.M.R. Investigations of N-Acyl-imino-dithiocarbonic-S,S-dimethylester
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 325 (1983), S. 675-679 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Reactions of Dimethyl N-Aroyl(Hetaroyl)carbimidodithioates with Carbanions CH-acidic CompoundsReactions of dimethyl N-aroyl(hetaroyl)carbimidodithioates 1 with carbanions 2 present new possibilities to synthesize 3-acyl-amino-3-methylthio-2-subst.-acrylnitriles 3 by monosubstitution of methylthiogroup.The reaction of 1 with 2-alkyl-benzothiazolium salts 4 yield deeply coloured N-acyl-(2,3-dihydrobenzothiazole-2-yliden) thioacetimido acid-methylates 5 of the 2-subst.-benzothiazoliumperchlorates 6. The structures of the final products are determined by i.r.-, 1H.-n.m.r.- and u.v.-spectra.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 326 (1984), S. 633-637 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Synthesis and Reaction Behaviour of N-(3-Chlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl)-imino-dithiocarbonic Derivatives3-Chlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl-chloride 1 was treated with potassium rhodanide to afford the appropriate acyl isothiocyanate 3, which adds nucleophilic agents as amines and thioles in good yields.Addition of methanethiole and subsequent alkylation of the dithiocarbamate 7 gives S, S-dimethylimino-dithiocarbonate 8. 3-Chlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide 2 reacts with carbon disulphide and phenyl isothiocyanate by chlorine substitution and cyclisation to benzo[b]thieno[2, 3-e]thiazines 9, 10 or 11. The structure of the final products were determined by analytical and spectroscopical dates.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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