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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CPS K 843 Radiation-induced crosslinking: Effect on structure of polyethylene (1985)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 109-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Crosslinking ; radiation ; polyethylene ; density ; crystallinity ; d-spacings ; phase densities ; crosslink locations ; lateral grain boundaries ; crosslink mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Branched polyethylene irradiated (0–400 Mrad) with a Co60 source at room temperature under vacuum was studied by density, wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS and SAXS) measurements. The radiation effects on the structure of bulk, branched polyethylene are quite similar to those observed by others on single crystals or oriented preparations. These effects include changes in bulk densityϱ, crystallinity(w c orv c) and¯d 100 and¯d 200 spacings as a function of irradiation. A decrease in crystallinity is seen to begin at radiation dose ≈100 Mrad whereas lattice expansion indicating onset of an orthorhombic-hexagonal transition can begin as low as 10 Mrads. The decrease in crystallinity can be attributed to additional lattice distortions primarily introduced by the crosslinks occurring at the lateral grain boundaries, while lattice expansion can be associated with the same crosslinking mechanism which begins at the defects both within the crystals as well as those outside the crystals at the lateral grain boundaries. Strong evidence for a primary crosslinking-at-the-defects mechanism has also come fromϱ c andϱ a data obtained in this study as a function of radiation dose. The same data have also led to an excellent correspondence between the measured density crystallinityv c and the measured WAXS crystallinityw c. Without consideration of the effects of crosslinks onϱ c andϱ a one would have obtained a divergence of the two crystallinities, especially at radiation doses greater than 100 Mrads.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412784
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced crosslinking: II. Effect on the crystalline and amorphous densities of polyethylene (1991)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 269 (1991), S. 469-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Crosslinking ; radiation ; polyethylene ; density ; crystallinity ; d-spacings ; phase densities ; crosslink locations and mechanisms ; defects ; lateral grain boundaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to determine the structural changes in polyethylene induced by radiation. The changes in densities of the crystalline and amorphous phases, ρ c and ρ a , were calculated after direct determination of the mean square density fluctuation 〈η2〉. ρ a increases with increasing radiation dose for both linear and branched polyethylene. This accounts for the serious discrepancy between crystallinities determined from wide-angle x-ray scattering and density measurements. This study confirms our previous proposal that crosslinks occur primarily in the noncrystalline phase, most likely at the defects in the lateral grain boundary regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00655884
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced crosslinking: III. Effect on the crystalline and amorphous density fluctuations of polyethylene (1991)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 269 (1991), S. 353-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Crosslinking ; radiation ; polyethylene ; density ; crystallinity ; phasedensities ; densityfluctuation ; phasedensityfluctuations ; Crosslink locations and mechanisms ; defects ; lateral grainboundaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to determine density fluctuation in radiation-induced crosslinked polyethylene of varying degrees of crystallinity. Density fluctuation FL decreases with increasing crystallinity, while it increases linearly with increasing radiation dose or degree of crosslinking. By means of extrapolation, density fluctuations in the crystalline and the amorphous phasesFL c andFL a were obtained. At a given dose,FL a is greater thanFL c . The increase inFL a with radiation is found to be much greater than that ofFL c compared with the initial values at 0 Mrad,FL c showing only a negligible increase event at 312 Mrad. The present findings suggest that crosslinks are not introduced within the crystalline phase; they take place primarily in the noncrystalline phase, in agreement with the conclusions reached previously on the basis of changes in crystalline and amorphous densities in irradiated polyethylene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00654582
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The method of fundamental solutions for non-linear thermal explosions (1995)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 675-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: blow-up ; method of fundamental solutions ; BEM ; thin plate spline ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method based on the method of fundamental solutions, thin plate spine interpolation and monotone iteration is devised to find the minimal solution of the steady-state blow-up problem. The method of fundamental solutions requires neither domain nor boundary discretization and results in high accuracy and efficiency. For illustration, critical values of the Frank-Kamenetskii parameter are given for different geometrical boundaries in the two-dimensional case.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1640110806
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multi-level finite element solution algorithms based on multiplicative and additive correction procedures (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 28 (1989), S. 27-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Owing to the failure of the finite element analyst to employ a properly refined computational model, the accuracy of preliminary finite element computations is often low. Thus, it is useful to introduce a computational procedure for improving the results obtained from a preliminary finite element solution. Such a procedure is presented in this paper. In this procedure the solution error components are decomposed into two parts. One of the error components is assumed to have a long period variation. The other component is assumed to have a short period variation. Multiplicative and additive correction procedures are introduced to iteratively eliminate the two error components. The multiplicative and additive correction procedures are implemented using multi-level solution techniques.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620280105
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hybrid k-ε turbulence model of recirculating flow (1991)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 12 (1991), S. 369-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Recirculating flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This investigation deals with the modification of streamline curvature effects in the k-ε turbulence model for the case of recirculating flows. Based upon an idea that the modification of curvature effects in C2 should not be made in regions where the streamline curvature is small, a hybrid k-ε model extended from the modification originally proposed by Srinivasan and Mongia is developed. A satisfactory agreement of model predictions with experimental data reveals that the hybrid k-ε model can perform better simulation of recirculating turbulent flows.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650120405
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressure-based method for combustion instability analysis (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 19 (1994), S. 981-995 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Pressure-based method ; All-speed ; Blast wave ; Two-phase flow ; Combustion instability ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An improved pressure-based method has been applied to predict the two-dimensional instability analysis of liquid-fuelled rocket engines. This method is non-iterative for transient flow calculations and applicable to all-speed flows. Validation cases include the shock-tube problem, the blast flow field and unsteady spraycombusting flows. Computations for the combustion instability analysis were carried out for various combustion parameters such as spray initial conditions and combustor geometries. Unsteady behaviours of the stable and unstable spray flame fields and effects of acoustic oscillations on the fuel droplet vaporization and combustion process are studied in detail. The present numerical model successfully demonstrates the capability of predicting combustion instability as well as fast transient compressible flows at all speeds.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650191103
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical analysis of the response of reinforced soils to direct shearing: Part 2 (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 12 (1988), S. 157-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A soil-reinforcement load transfer model was developed by the authors1 to simulate the response of the reinforced soil material to triaxial compression and direct shearing. This paper presents the application of the proposed model for the numerical analysis of direct shear tests on sand samples reinforced with different types of tension resisting reinforcements. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effect of the mechanical characteristics and dilatancy properties of the soil, extensibility (elastic modulus) of the reinforcements, and their inclination with respect to the failure surface on the response of the reinforced soil material to direct shearing. An attempt is made to verify the proposed model by comparing numerical test simulations with experimental results reported by Jewell,2 and Gray and Ohashi.3 Comparisons of predicted and experimental results illustrate that the model can provide adequate simulations of the response of the reinforced soil material to shearing. In particular, it allows an evaluation of the effect of soil dilatancy (or contractancy), and extensibility of the reinforcement on tension forces generated in inclusions during shearing.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610120204
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling and simulation of load transfer in reinforced soils: Part 1 (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 12 (1988), S. 141-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Results of both triaxial and direct shear tests on reinforced soil samples performed by different investigators have shown that soil dilatancy and extensibility of the reinforcements have a significant effect on the generated tension forces in the inclusions. An appropriate soil--reinforcement load transfer model, integrating the effect of soil dilatancy and reinforcement extensibility is therefore needed to adequately predict forces in the inclusions under expected working loads. This paper present a load transfer model assuming an elastoplastic strain hardening behaviour for the soil and an elastic--perfectly plastic behaviour for the reinforcement. This model is used to analyse the response of the reinforced soil material under triaxial compression loading. A companion paper present the application of this model for numerical simulations of direct shear tests on sand samples reinforced with different types of tension resisting reinforcements. The model allows an evaluation of the effect of various parameters such as mechanical characteristics and dilatancy properties of the soil, extensibility of the reinforcements, and their inclination with respect to the failure surface, on the development of resisting tensile stresses in the reinforcements. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effect of these parameters on the behaviour of the reinforced soil material. An attempt is also made to verify the proposed model by comparing numerical predictions with available experimental results of both triaxial and direct shear tests on reinforced soil samples. This model can be used for analysis and design of reinforced soil walls with different types of tension resisting inclusions to predict tension forces under expected working loads.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610120203
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An efficient pressure-velocity procedure for gas-droplet two-phase flow calculations (1992)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 15 (1992), S. 233-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Two-phase flow ; Pressure-velocity coupling ; Transient flow ; Turbulent dispersion ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents a non-iterative numerical technique for computing time-dependent gas-droplet flows. The method is a fully interacting combination of Eulerian fluid and Lagrangian particle calculations. The interaction calculations between the two phases are formulated on a pressure-velocity-coupling procedure based on the operator-splitting technique. This procedure eliminates the global iterations required in the conventional particle-source-in-cell (PSIC) procedure. Turbulent dispersion calculations are treated by a stochastic procedure. Numerical calculations and comparisons with available experimental data as well as efficiency assessments are given for some sprays typical of spray combustion applications.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650150207
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