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  • Fictive locomotion  (2)
  • Schlüsselwörter Schädel-Hirn-Trauma  (2)
  • ACTH  (1)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schädel-Hirn-Trauma ; Glasgow-Outcome-Skala ; Langzeitfolgeschäden ; Neuropsychologische Untersuchung ; Key words Head trauma ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Neuropsychological tests ; Long-term follow up
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary What is the significance of a “good outcome” according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) in children after brain injury? Methods: Criteria for selection included age from 6 to 15 years at the time of testing, a follow-up interval of at least 12 months from the date of accident, head injury and an initial CT scan; furthermore the patient had to show a “good recovery” according to GOS at the time of follow-up. Neurological examination, child behaviour and neuropsychological testing were done. Test results of 104 patients were compared to a matched control group. Results: 20 % of all children after head injury exhibited discrete neurological deficits (soft-signs), and 28 % of them behavioral disorders. Children after moderate and severe brain injury performed at normal levels with reference to standardized intellectual norms, but they showed impairements when compared with their matched controls. There was no uniform pattern of cognitive and motor deficits, but the severity of the head injury determined the deficits. Some children who appeared neurologically well had significant deficits with regard to motor and speech abilities compared to age-matched controls. Children who had slight neurologic deficits also did poor in all other tests. Conclusion: Our findings have shown that children with so called good recovery after classification of Glasgow Outcome Scale demonstrated impairments when compared to controls.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Lassen sich bei Kindern nach einem Schädel-Hirn-Trauma, die eine gute Erholung nach den Kriterien der Glasgow-Outcome-Skala aufweisen, noch Folgeschäden des Unfalls nachweisen? Methode: Aufgenommen in die Untersuchung wurden Kinder, bei denen in der akuten Phase nach dem Unfall wegen klinischer Symptome eine kraniale Computertomographie notwendig wurde. Das Unfallereignis der Kinder mußte mindestens 1 Jahr zurückliegen. Zum Zeitpunkt der Nachuntersuchung mußten die Kinder eine sog. gute Erholung nach den Kriterien der Glasgow-Outcome-Skala aufweisen. 104 von 115 (91 %) verletzten Kindern wurden nachuntersucht und deren Fähigkeiten wurden mit gesunden Kontrollkindern verglichen. Bei allen Kindern wurde eine neurologische Untersuchung zur Erfassung von diskreten neurologischen Defiziten, eine Befragung auf kinderpsychiatrische Auffälligkeiten und eine neuropsychologische Testung durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: 20 % der Kinder, die ein Trauma erlitten hatten, wiesen diskrete neurologische und 28 % kinderpsychiatrische Auffälligkeiten auf. Kinder mit diskreten neurologischen Defiziten waren in 53 % kinderpsychiatrisch auffällig. Die Patienten zeigten Testergebnisse, die sich aber signifikant von der parallelisierten Kontrollgruppe unterschieden. Ein einheitliches Profil von kognitiven oder motorischen Ausfällen konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Es ergaben sich Abhängigkeiten zwischen der Traumaschwere und den motorischen und kognitiven Testergebnissen. Schlußfolgerung: Auch bei neurologisch unauffälligen Kindern mit einer sog. guten Erholung nach einem Schädel-Hirn-Trauma wurden Folgeschäden in den kognitiven und motorischen Leistungsvariablen nachgewiesen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Fictive locomotion ; Cutaneous reflex pathways ; Flexor digitorum longus muscle ; Motoneurons ; Interneurons ; Reflex modulation ; Spinal cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We examined modulation of transmission of short-latency excitation produced by distal hindlimb cutaneous input, as well as fluctuations in motoneuron membrane potential and input resistance, in flexor digitorum longus (FDL) motoneurons during fictive locomotion. Fictive stepping was induced in unaesthetized, decerebrate cats either by repetitive stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) or by administration of Nialamide and 1 DOPA after low spinal section. In the MLR preparations, brief depolarizing waves occurred in FDL cells during the early flexion phase of fictive stepping, immediately after cessation of activity in extensor muscles. In some FDL cells, plateau-like depolarizations also occurred during the extensor phase. Fictive stepping induced in acutely spinalized cats by administration of l-DOPA was slower and more variable; peak polarization in FDL motoneurons always occurred during the early flexion phase but there was usually no distinct depolarization during extension. In both types of preparation, the initial EPSP components in synaptic potentials (SP-EPSPs) produced by electrical stimulation of the cutaneous division of the superficial peroneal nerve (SP) were maximally facilitated during early flexion, coincident with the peak of background depolarization. This enhancement was manifested by an increase in the amplitude of initial SP-EPSP components or by decreased central latency of the initial EPSP components, or both. In most FDL motoneurons, input resistance decreased systematically during late flexion, coincident with relative membrane hyperpolarization. Correction of SP-EPSP amplitudes for changes in input resistance suggested that SP-EPSP facilitation persisted throughout the flexion phase These findings are discussed with reference to modulation of cutaneous reflexes during locomotion and the possibility that excitatory last-order interneurons in particular cutaneous reflex pathways may distribute excitatory drive from the central pattern generator for locomotion to FDL α-motoneurons
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cutaneous EPSPs ; Fictive locomotion ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We examined modulation of transmission in short-latency, distal hindlimb cutaneous reflex pathways during fictive locomotion in 19 decerebrate cats. Fictive stepping was produced either by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) or by administration of Nialamide and 1-DOPA to acutely spinalized animals. Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) produced by electrical stimulation of low threshold afferents (〈 2.5 times threshold) in the superficial peroneal (SP), sural, saphenous or medial plantar nerves were recorded intracellularly from various extensor (n = 28) and flexor (n = 24) motoneurons and averaged throughout the step cycle, together with voltage responses to intrasomatic constant current pulses (in order to monitor relative cell input resistance). Each motoneuron studied displayed rhythmic background oscillations in membrane potential and correlated variations in input resistance. The average input resistance of extensor motoneurons was lowest during mid-flexion, when the cells were relatively hyperpolarized and silent. Conversely, average input resistance of flexor motoneurons was highest during mid-flexion, when they were depolarized and active. The amplitude of the minimum-latency excitatory components of PSPs produced by cutaneous nerve stimulation were measured from computer averaged records representing six subdivisions of the fictive step cycle. Oligosynaptic EPSP components were consistently modulated only in the superficial peroneal responses in flexor motoneurons, which exhibited enhanced amplitude during the flexion phase. With the other skin nerves tested (sural, saphenous, and plantar), no consistent patterns of modulation were observed during fictive locomotion. We conclude that transmission through some, but not all, oligosynaptic excitatory cutaneous pathways is enhanced by premotoneuronal mechanisms during the flexion phase of fictive stepping in several cat hindlimb motor nuclei. The present results suggest that the patterns of interaction between the locomotor central pattern generator and excitatory cutaneous reflex pathways depend on the source of afferent input and on the identity of the target motoneuron population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schädel-Hirn-Trauma ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Nachuntersuchung ; Pädiatrie ; Corpus callosum ; Key words Magnetic resonance imaging ; Severe head injury ; Follow-up ; Pediatric ; Corpus callosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: A prospective study was initiated for the correlation of the findings in the initial cranial CT with the long-term follow-up MRI in children with severe head injury. Another aim was the evaluation of frequency and location of lesions, found only in MRI. Methods: 70 children with severe head injury and initially performed pathological CCT were followed up (mean time 3 years) by MRI. Results: 71% of the children had a pathological MRI. In 43% of the children with subdural bleeding could be found parenchymal lesions in the underlying cortex. All 15 children with epidural bleeding had unsuspicious findings at the former hematoma. All of the contusions were found as parenchymal residual lesions. 44% of the children had evidence of parenchymal lesions in the follow-up MRI initially and retrospectively not revealable. 16 lesions in the corpus callosum were only revealed by MRI. Conclusion: This study shows the higher sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging in non-hemorrhagic parenchymal lesions and in ”diffuse axonal injury”. A MRI-examination is recommended in children with severe head injury, especially in patients with normal CCT and posttraumatic neurological deficits.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Im Rahmen einer prospektiven Studie wurden die Befunde initial durchgeführter Computertomographien bei Kindern mit schwerem SHT mit den Ergebnissen einer MR-Nachuntersuchung korreliert und zusätzlich eine Evaluation der Häufigkeit und Lokalisation ausschließlich kernspintomographisch nachweisbarer Läsionen durchgeführt. Methodik: 70 Kinder mit initial nach SHT durchgeführtem und pathologischem CT wurden im Rahmen eines Follow-up im zeitlichen Abstand von durchschnittlich 3 Jahren kernspintomographisch nachuntersucht. Ergebnisse: Bei 71% der nachuntersuchten Kinder konnten pathologische MRT-Befunde erhoben werden. 43% der Kinder mit einer subduralen Blutung wiesen kortikal, der ehemaligen Blutung anliegende, Parenchymläsionen auf, dagegen zeigten alle 15 Kinder mit Epiduralhämatom an der Stelle der ehemaligen Blutung einen unauffälligen Befund. Alle Kontusionen waren im Follow-up als umschriebene Substanzdefekte nachweisbar. Allerdings wiesen 44% der Kinder Parenchymläsionen auf, die initial und retrospektiv computertomographisch nicht nachweisbar waren. Alle 16 im Corpus callosum gelegenen Herde ware nur mit Hilfe der MRT nachzuweisen. Schlußfolgerung: Zusammengefaßt zeigt die vorliegende Studie die deutlich höhere Sensitivität der Kernspintomographie für nichthämorrhagische Hirnparenchymläsionen und Läsionen im Sinne von „diffusen axonalen Verletzungen” gegenüber der Computertomographie. Bei Kindern mit erlittenem SHT sollte im Verlauf eine kernspintomographische Abklärung durchgeführt werden, vor allem bei posttraumatischen neurologischen Auffälligkeiten, die nicht mit Hilfe der initialen computertomographischen Untersuchung erklärt werden können.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Ipsapirone ; CRF ; ACTH ; cortisol ; time series analysis ; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuroendocrine effects (changes in plasma CRF, ACTH and cortisol) of single and multiple (t.d.s. for 2 days) doses of ipsapirone (BAY Q 7821) 5 and 10 mg have been investigated in 6 healthy male volunteers. The study followed a balanced complete block, placebo-controlled and double blind design with two baseline phases (pre and post-treatment). Volunteers were investigated on identical days during 5 successive weeks. The results do not show a specific effect of ipsapirone on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis when doses in the range of 5–30 mg per day were given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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