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  • General Chemistry  (82)
  • Photoinduced electron transfer  (5)
  • Depression  (2)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 13 (1999), S. 304-314 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Medikamenteninduzierter Kopfschmerz ; Serotonin ; Migräne ; Depression ; Angsterkrankungen ; Key words Drug-induced headache ; Serotonin ; Migraine ; Depression ; Anxiety
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The pathogenesis of drug abuse in patients suffering from drug-induced headache is not known in detail. It is unclear whether drug abuse in chronic daily headache should be classified as a form of drug dependence. Current findings concerning the neurobiological correlates of addictive behavior and affective disorders point to the importance of monoaminergic dysregulation, especially a dysfunction of central serotonergic neurotransmission. We reviewed the literature on drug-induced headache and examined hypothetical pathomechanisms of addiction. Drugs causing drug-induced headache such as paracetamol, coffein and ergotamine interfere with behavior patterns or neurotransmitter systems that are also affected by drugs of abuse. Several drugs that ameliorate acute headache interact with central serotonergic neurotransmission and may affect anxiety and depression in patients with chronic daily headache. Non human primate and human studies revealed mechanisms of serotonergic dysfunction in drug dependence, which may also be relevant for drug-abuse in medication-induced headache. Medication-induced dysfunction of monoaminergic, especially serotonergic neurotransmission, may affect drug dependence by exacerbating mood disorders. Further studies are necessary to assess serotonergic neurotransmission in patients with drug-induced headache and abuse of medication.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die Pathogenese des Medikamentenmißbrauchs bei chronischen Kopfschmerzen ist weitgehend unbekannt. Es ist unklar, ob es sich um eine typische Abhängigkeitserkrankung handelt und ob sich monoaminerge neurobiologische Störungen nachweisen lassen, die in vergleichbarer Form auch bei anderen Abhängigkeitssyndromen auftreten. Wir analysierten die vorliegende Literatur zu medikamenteninduzierten Kopfschmerzen im Hinblick auf Befunde zu möglichen neurobiologischen Mechanismen der Abhängigkeitsentwicklung. Schmerzmittel, Koffein und Ergotamine verursachen ähnliche Verhaltensauffälligkeiten oder wirken in vergleichbarer Weise auf monoaminerge Neurotransmittersysteme ein wie Suchtsubstanzen. Eigene bildgebende Untersuchungen zeigten eine Assoziation zwischen einer serotonergen Dysfunktion, affektiven Störungen und der Entwicklung abhängigen Verhaltens, die auch für die Entstehung der medikamenteninduzierten Kopfschmerzen relevant sein könnte. Medikamentös induzierte Störungen der monoaminergen, insbesondere der serotonergen Neurotransmission führen möglicherweise deshalb zur Abhängigkeitsentwicklung, weil sie affektive Störungen verstärken. Weitere Studien sind notwendig, um serotonerge Mechanismen der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung des Medikamentenmißbrauchs bei medikamenteninduzierten Kopfschmerzen zu überprüfen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 780-789 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Serotonin ; Verhaltensinhibierendes System ; Impulsivität ; Aggression ; Depression ; Key words Serotonin ; Behavior inhibition system ; impulsivity ; Aggression ; Depression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Dysfunction of serotonergic neurotransmission has been associated with two different psychopathological syndromes – impulsive aggressivity resulting form a lack of stimulation of the “behavior inhibition system” on the one hand and the manifestation of clinical depression and compulsive syndromes on the other. The examination of primate behavior provides a model which may reconciliate these seemingly contradictory hypotheses. According to primate experiments, monoaminergic depletion results in anxious and desperate behavior only if the individual has previously been exposed to social isolation stress, which in turn induces a decrease in the central serotonin turnover rate. Young non-human primates who experience early social separation stress are anxious and fearful, while as adults they tend to be aggressive, consume excessive amounts of alcohol and are less intoxicated by alcohol intake. These observation indicate the importance of social separation stress in the pathogenesis of alcoholism and antisocial behavior and may point to prophylactic and pharmacological treatment strategies.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Eine Dysfunktion serotonerger Transmission wurde mit zwei verschiedenen psychopathologischen Syndromen in Verbindung gebracht. Einerseits wurde der serotonergen Neurotransmission eine wesentliche Rolle in der Stimulation des “verhaltensinhibierenden Systems” zuerkannt und postuliert, daß ein verminderter Serotoninumsatz zur Enthemmung impulsiver und aggressiver Verhaltensweisen führt. Andererseits gibt es Hinweise auf die Bedeutung einer verminderten serotonergen Transmission in der Pathogenese der Depression und der Angsterkrankungen. Eine mögliche Deutung der vordergründig widersprüchlichen Befunde ergibt sich aus der Untersuchung serotonerger Transmission bei Primaten. Eine pharmakogen induzierte Verarmung an monoaminergen Neurotransmittern führt demnach nur dann zu depressionsanalogen Verhaltensweisen, wenn in der individuellen Entwicklung mehrfach Phasen sozialer Isolation durchlebt wurden. Umgekehrt ist soziale Isolation bei jungen Primaten mit einem verminderten Serotoninumsatz, verstärkter Ängstlichkeit und sozialer Inkompetenz assoziiert, während sich bei diesen Primaten im Erwachsenenalter eine erhöhte Aggressivität und Alkoholtoleranz und ein erhöhter freiwilliger Alkoholkonsum nachweisen lassen. Diese Befunde unterstreichen die Bedeutung von Streß- und Lernfaktoren in der Ausgestaltung der psychopathologischen Korrelate einer serotonergen Dysfunktion und verweisen auf mögliche prophylaktische und pharmakologische Behandlungsoptionen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 631-642 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Electron transfer, distance dependence of ; Anthracene-spacered porphyrin-quinone cyclophanes ; Syntheses ; Characterizations ; Structures ; Physical properties ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In our previous work on benzene- and naphthalene-spacered porphyrin-quinone cyclophanes[1][2], the dependence of electron-transfer rates on reduction potentials of the acceptors and oxidation potentials of the porphyrins was studied. The present paper, dealing with the distance dependence of electron transfer, reports on the synthesis of anthracene-spacered analogues and on the electron-transfer rates, which are found to be drastically reduced.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 327-333 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): “Proton sponge” analogues ; Orientation dependence of hydrogen bonds ; Crystal structures ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: ---1,2,4,5-Tetrakis(dimethylamino)benzene (4) and 2,3,6,7-tetrakis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (5) were prepared and structurally determined. Electron-donor functions, protonation, and the geometry of intramolecular hydrogen bonds are discussed. By oxidation of 4 to its dication the benzenoid aromaticity is cancelled in favour of two independent cyanine-type units as determined by X-ray structure analysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Paracyclophanes ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Radical cations ; ESR/ENDOR spectroscopy ; Intramolecular electron transfer ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A range of [n.n]paracyclophane radical cations (4·+-12·+), in which two 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene units are connected by alkano bridges of varying length, have been studied by ESR and ENDOR spectroscopy. In the [2.2]- and [3.3]paracyclophane radical cations 4·+-6·+, 10·+ and 11·+ the delocalization of the unpaired electron over both π-moieties and the distinct difference between the first and second oxidation potentials, ΔE = E20 - E10, are evidence for a strong intramolecular electronic interaction between the two electrophores. The [5.5] and [7.7] species (8·+ and 9·+) are localized radical cations at low temperature (ca. 220 K). At room temperature, the higher molecular flexibility leads to a significant increase in the number of internal collisions between the electrophores, resulting in a fast (ESR time scale) intramolecular electron transfer. The intermediate [4.4]paracyclophane radical cations 7·+ and 12·+ are apparently also localized radical cations. The close interplanar distance between the two π-moieties, however, facilitates their mutual contacts. In 7·+, the intramolecular electron transfer becomes fast on the ESR time scale at room temperature; in 12·+ the transfer is fast over the temperature range 200-300 K.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Porphyrin-acceptor cyclophanes ; 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ)-bridged porphyrins ; Electron-transfer-related properties ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Previous work on intramolecular electron-transfer compounds of the quinone-porphyrin cyclophane type with gradually increasing electron-acceptor strength was now extended to acceptor-porphyrin cyclophanes with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as an especially strong electron-acceptor. The vertically stacked TCNQ-porphyrin cyclophane 1 was prepared in a multi-step synthesis. Physical properties related to structure and electron-transfer processes of 1 are reported. To determine the distance dependence of the interaction between the electron-acceptor TCNQ and the porphyrin, first results on the synthesis of the corresponding naphthalene-spacered TCNQ-porphyrin cyclophane 15 are presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 1459-1470 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Cyclophanes ; Donor-acceptor systems ; Syntheses ; Conformation analysis ; X-ray structure analysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: -The acceptor-porphyrin cyclophanes 2 and 4 with pyromellitic diimide (1) as strong electron-acceptor, and the corresponding porphyrin zinc complexes 3 and 5 were prepared by a route which differs considerably from that in the syntheses of previously prepared electron-acceptor porphyrin cyclophanes. The conformations of these electron-acceptor-porphyrin cyclophanes are discussed based on 1H-NMR and the X-ray structural analysis of 2. According to the results obtained, the plane of 1 and that of the porphyrin unit (at least in the crystalline state) are neither close nor parallel to each other. An unusual dihedral orientation of the donor and acceptor planes was detected for 2.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): Tetrakis(dimethylamino)naphthalenes ; Basicity ; Hydrogen bonds ; Cyclicvoltammetry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: ---For comparison to the recently described 2,3,6,7-tetrakis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (1) the three isomers 2,3, and 4 were synthesized. The basicities of this group of isomers are strongly dependent upon the different mutual orientations of the pairs of dimethylamino substituents: only the isomers 3 and, partially, 4, both with dimethylamino groups in adjacent peri-positions of the naphthalene, are strong “proton sponges”. For the isomers 1 and 2 with the same number and kind of twofold dimethylamino substituents in neighbouring ortho-positions, however, no significant basicity increase is observed. To explain this difference between the two groups of isomers it is suggested that in the ortho-pairs of 1 and 2 the C-N bonds diverge considerably, leading to an increased N···N distance and consequently to less stable [N···H···N]+ hydrogen bonds in contrast to the parallel C-N bonds in the peri-substituted isomers 3 and 4. X-ray crystal structure analyses of the bases and of some of the salts derived therefrom were solved and are discussed. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that 1 to 4 are strong electron donors, reacting easily to radical cations or dications which with suitable acids have been obtained as salts.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): 1,4-Benzoquinones ; [2.2]Paracyclophanes ; 1,4,8,11-Pentacenetetrones ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Radical anions ; ESR/ENDOR spectroscopy ; Intramolecular electron transfer ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Three types of tetrone radical anions in which two 1,4-benzoquinone units are connected by ethano (1·-, 2·-), [2.2]paracyclophane (3·-, 4·-), and anthracene bridges (5·-, 6·-) have been studied by ESR and ENDOR spectroscopy. The displacement of the unpaired electron over the two π moieties in the [2.2]cyclophane radical anions 1·--4·- and the marked difference between the first and second reduction potentials, ΔE = |E20 - E10| ≥ 0.20 V, are evidence for a substantial intramolecular electronic interaction between the two electrophores. Similar ΔE data for the syn- (3) and anti-naphthalenophanes (4) indicate that most of the intramolecular electronic interaction takes place through the [2.2]paracyclophane bridge. When ion pairing is inhibited by complexation of the cation, the unpaired electron in 5·- and 6·- is also delocalized over the whole pentacenetetrone system at temperatures as low as 160 K.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Schlagwort(e): [2.2](1,4)Naphthalenophanes ; [2.2](1,4)Anthracenophane ; Pentacene ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Radical cations ; ESR/ENDOR spectroscopy ; Intramolecular electron transfer ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Various radical cations, in which two terminal 1,4-dimethoxybenzene units are anellated to [2.2]paracyclophane (2b•+, 3b•+), [2.2](1,4)naphthalenophane (4d•+), and anthracene bridges (5•+), have been studied by ESR and ENDOR spectroscopy. In the syn- and anti-naphthalenophane radical cations 2b•+ and 3b•+ the delocalization of the unpaired electron over both π-moieties and the distinct difference between the first and second oxidation potentials, ΔE = E20 - E10, are evidence for a substantial intramolecular electronic interaction between the two electrophores. Extension of the bridge in 4d•+ and 5 by benzo anellation results in a localized radical cation. Strong intramolecular electronic interaction between the two electrophores is found in the 1,4,8,11-tetramethoxy-pentacene radical cation (5•+). The syntheses of 4d are described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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