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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of CD69 on T-cells from HIV-1-infected children and adolescents increases with increasing viral load (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 638-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words HIV-1 ; T-cells ; CD69 ; Activation ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the use of a whole-blood assay that measures spontaneous and activation-induced CD69 expression on peripheral blood T-cells in vitro for assessment of T-cell function in HIV-1-infected paediatric patients. Heparinized venous blood from 28 HIV-1 positive children and adolescents and 23 healthy controls was incubated for 4 h with or without 5 μg/ml phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Thereafter, analysis of CD69 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells was done by flow cytometry; simultaneously we determined CD4+ T-cell counts and plasma HIV-1 viral load. Neither spontaneous nor PHA-induced CD69 expression differed significantly between HIV-1 positive patients and healthy controls. However, T-cells from HIV-1 positive patients with plasma HIV-1 viral load levels above 70 × 103 copies/ml showed a higher spontaneous CD69 expression than T-cells from patients with lower plasma viral load levels in different stages of the disease. Antiretroviral treatment in four patients reduced spontaneous CD69 expression in CD4+ T-cells and PHA-induced CD69 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells significantly after 8 weeks of therapy. Conclusion Spontaneous and activation-induced expression of the early (activation) antigen CD69 on peripheral blood T-cells does not distinguish HIV-1 positive patients from HIV-1 negative healthy controls and is not correlated with peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell counts. This test may not be a reliable marker for functional T-cell deficiency during early stages of HIV disease. Increased spontaneous as well as PHA-induced CD69 expression on T-cells from HIV-1-infected children and adolescents in vitro may rather reflect HIV-induced pre-activation of T-cells in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310051167
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of air flow patterns in the human nose (1993)
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 31 (1993), S. 585-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Air Flow ; Human ; Nasal cavity ; Nose ; Turbinate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The nasal cavity is the main passage for air flow between the ambient atmosphere and the lungs. A preliminary requisite for any investigation of the mechanisms of each of its main physiological functions, such as filtration, air-conditioning and olfaction, is a basic knowledge of the air-flow pattern in this cavity. However, its complex three-dimensional structure and inaccessibility has traditionally prevented a detailed examination of internalin vivo orin vitro airflow patterns. To gain more insight into the flow pattern in inaccessible regions of the nasal cavity we have conducted a mathematical simulation of asymmetric airflow patterns through the nose. Development of a nose-like model, which resembles the complex structure of the nasal cavity, has allowed for a detailed analysis of various boundary conditions and structural parameters. The coronal and sagittal cross-sections of the cavity were modeled as trapezoids. The inferior and middle turbinates were represented by curved plates that emerge from the lateral walls. The airflow was considered to be incompressible, steady and laminar. Numerical computations show that the main air flux is along the cavity floor, while the turbinate structures direct the flow in an anterior-posterior direction. The presence of the turbinates and the trapezoidal shape of the cavity force more air flux towards the olfactory organs at the top of the cavity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441806
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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