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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fast and simple identification of adipose tissues in situ with dithizonDedicated to Dr. F. X. Hausberger in honor of his 65th birthday. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 341-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Minute amounts of white or brown adipose tissue can be localized in situ within seconds by covering the organ surfaces with an alkaline solution of dithizon (diphenylthiocarbazone) in alcohol and water. The adipose tissues stain deep green, while the other organs remain unstained, or appear in various shades of pink and red. This technique has been successfully applied to various groups of vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes), and it works in fresh, in deep frozen and in formalin-fixed specimens. It fails after tissue fixation in mercuric chloride-containing fluids. In vitro studies show that the staining reaction is due to (1) a preferential solubility of small amounts of dithizon in adipose tissue lipids, and (2) the development of a green color, which appears when dithizon dissolves in lipids or organic solvents.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800208
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection criteria for breast cancer chemoprevention subjects (1993)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 53 (1993), S. 234-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: Breast cancer risk ; chemoprevention ; intermediate biomarkers ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Early phase chemoprevention trials differ from standard therapeutic clinical trials because asymptomatic, healthy people are treated with a potentially toxic intervention for a prolonged period of time. Current subject selection protocols have relied upon epidemiological methods to identify highrisk individuals. Most available data provide risk estimates for various individual risk factors, but few have reported risk estimates for combinations of risk factors. Selection criteria for the large tamoxifen intervention trial (NSABP P1) were developed from the work of Gail et al. [1]. The Gail model takes into account non-genetic factors (e.g., nulliparity, age at menarche, preexisting pathological conditions) and genetic factors (family history). Using a lifetime risk of 10% of developing breast cancer as a standard to intervention trial. This approach has been criticized for being insufficiently selective (i.e., all women ≥60 yrs), but appears to be the best available method to select subjects for a chemoprevention trial. Other approaches have been based on identification of very high-risk women with acknowledged pathologic conditions [lobular carcinoma in situ, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)]. Attempting to use these proliferative lesions as pathologic endpoints for drug effect has not been attempted. DCIS as a risk factor for tamoxifen intervention was excluded because of controversies over its management and because of frequent difficulties in distinguishing microinvasive from non-invasive lesions. Women treated for early stage breast cancer (Stage I) may be subjects for early stage chemopreventive interventions.We propose the use of intermediate endpoint biomarkers and genetic markers as entry criteria for early phase chemoprevention trials. For colorectal cancer chemoprevention, we have used a two-step selection process. The first step was based on epidemiologic risk assessment. Entry into the study required that a potential intermediate biomarker be positive and quantifiable. The relationship between modulation of a pre-transformational biomarker and development of cancer ultimately needs proof in a primary interventional trial; however, this methodology may permit screening of potential chemopreventive agents at lower cost and more rapid turn-around times. In early chemopreventive agent testing for breast cancer chemoprevention, we propose a similar two-step procedure. Epidemiological and/or pathological criteria for risk would be followed by a procedure to obtain cellular material. The cellular material would be assayed for pre-transformational cellular change.Identifying predictive genes in familial breast cancer cohorts such as the modified BRCA1 gene promises to select individuals at high familial and potentially physiological or environmental risk. The identification of the abnormal gene product in individuals and families will provide another important group of subjects for chemopreventive interventions. The identification of high-risk subjects for breast cancer chemoprevention, particularly those with familial genetic risk, carries important ethical problems. Such women may have difficulties obtaining health and life insurance, deciding to have children, and obtaining work. Chemoprevention trials with genetic selection criteria will need to develop methods of dealing with these issues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240531143
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fibrocartilage skeleton and related structures of the ventral pouch of Balaenopterid whales (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 151 (1977), S. 299-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mandibular symphysis of rorqual whales, whales of the genera Megaptera and Balaenoptera, is characterized by a Y-shaped fibrocartilage structure that lies in the substance of the muscular ventral pouch of these animals. The stem of the structure joins with the symphysis and is usually indicated externally by an unfurrowed median strip of blubber that has been called the “cutwater” by earlier writers. The arms of the Y pass back and are superficially indicated in all rorqual whales as a ridge running parallel to the rami of the mandibles. This fibrocartilage skeleton of the pouch is most closely related to the mylohyoid muscle. The function of the fibrocartilage Y is probably linked with the jaw mechanics of these whales, but its precise function is otherwise not known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051510207
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Freeze-fracture studies on the thin limbs of Henle's loop in Psammomys obesus (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 162 (1981), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The thin limbs of short and long loops of Henle of the desert rodent Psammomys obesus were studied by freeze-fracture techniques. Intercellular junctions and internal membrane characteristics of thin-limb epithelia are of interest with regard to the high urine-concentrating capacity of this animal.The epithelium of the descending thin limbs of short loops is remarkably undifferentiated and equipped with multistrand tight junctions. In the descending thin limb of long loops, two segments are to be distinguished. The upper parts are characterized by an extensive cellular interdigitation and single-strand tight junctions. Thus, the paracellular pathways are prominent from two aspects: the junctional belt is elongated by interdigitation, and its apico-basal depth is shallow. The transition from the upper to the lower part appears to be abrupt, as indicated by the change in intramembrane particle density. The lower parts are characterized by a noninterdigitating epithelium with junctions consisting of few, but always more than two, strands. In addition, this thin-limb segment is characterized by regularly distributed infoldings of the basal cell membrane. The ascending thin limbs are established by an interdigitating epithelium, with junctions generally consisting of one strand. Once again, the elongated junctional belt is shallow.This study presents further evidence that remarkable species differences occur among thin-limb epithelia, especially concerning the descending thin limbs of long loops. Those differences may well explain discrepant functional findings concerning the transport properties of this segment in various species.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001620103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sponge aggregation factor: In situ localization by fluorescent monoclonal antibody techniques (1986)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 31 (1986), S. 251-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: aggregation factor ; monoclonal antibodies ; reaggregation ; cell recognition ; Geodia cydonium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The aggregation factor (AF) from sponges mediates a heterophilic interaction of homologous cells. Applying electron microscopical means, we succeeded only very rarely in identifying the 90 S AF particle in tissue sections from Geodia cydonium. By means of a fluorescent antibody technique, we have now localized the cell binding domain of the AF in situ. Previous studies in this laboratory have led to the identification of the 47-kDa cell binding protein of the AF, using the monoclonal antibody (mab) 5D2-D11 [Gramzow M, Bachmann M, Zahn RK, Uhlenbruck G, Dorn A, Müller WEG, J Cell Biol, 102:1344-1349, 1986]. This mab and mab 7D5, directed against a 92-kDa protein in the AF complex, were chosen for the fluorescent studies. By using mab 5D2-D11, the plasma membranes of cells from different regions in the sponge could be brightly stained. However, mab 7D5 reacted only very weakly with the sponge surfaces. By applying the immuno-blotting technique it was furthermore demonstrated that the cell binding protein is present both in the associated form with AF complex and in a free state. Moreover, it was established that the 47-kDa binding protein is not present in (1) homologous glycoconjugates, (2) lectin, or (3) collagen; these components are known to be involved in cell-matrix interaction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240310402
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Replication of the RNA genomeThis work was supported in part by grants from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health (GM-11936 and -11301), and the National Science Foundation (GB-5082). This is Communication No. 165 from the Joan and Lester Avent Institute of Molecular Biology. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several steps in the synthesis in vitro of infectious bacteriophage RNA can now be described. The reaction catalyzed by the Qβ RNA polymerase is known to involve several components, including the enzyme, host cell factors, Qβ RNA template, and the strand complementary to the Qβ RNA. The interaction of these components and the mechanims of the reaction appears to be considerably more complex than was proposed in earlier models.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040740419
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport and phosphorylation of hexoses in normal and rous sarcoma virus-transformed chick embryo fibroblasts (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 97 (1978), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Effects of transformation by Rous sarcoma virus on sugar uptake and activity and the subcellular distribution of hexokinase isozymes in chick embryo fibroblasts were examined. Transformation caused a several-fold increase in the maximum velocity for uptake of 2-deoxyglucose without a significant change in Km. Cytochalasin B (CB), was used to differentiate between the effects of transformation on facilitated diffusion and the nonsaturable (CB-insensitive) mode. Transformation was found to stimulate 2-deoxyglucose transport by both mechanisms, but the increase in transport by the CB-insensitive mode was greater.Transformation enhances the activity of hexokinase, the enhancement being confined to the particulate fraction of the enzyme. Heat-inactivation and electrophoretic mobility studies showed that although hexokinase Type I is the major form in both normal and transformed fibroblasts, there is a significant increase in the proportion of the Type II isozyme in the transformed cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040970303
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Flexibilität des genetischen Kodes (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 26 (1996), S. 369-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1966 wurde die Entschlüsselung des genetischen Kodes abgeschlossen. Jedem Basentriplett konnte eine Kodicrungsfunktion zugewiesen werden. Zwanzig Jahre später wurde klar, daß dieser Kode, trotz seiner universellen Gültigkeit, flexibel ist: Zur Vereinfachung der Dekodierung nutzen Mycoplasmen und Mitochondrien nicht alle Kodonen, und einige haben abweichende Bedeutung.Leserahmenverschiebungen um eine Base in 5′- oder 3′-Richtung erlauben einem Gen zwei, statt einen einzigen Leserahmen zu nutzen. Solch ein Mechanismus wird zur Autoregulation cines Proteins, des Releasefaktors 2, verwendet. Retroviren, die verschiedene Mengen bestimmter Fusionsproteine benötigen, balancieren deren Synthese durch unterschiedlich effiziente Leserahmenwechsel. Zur Translation eines Bakteriophagengens überspringen die Ribosomen durch eine extreme Leserahmenverschiebung sogar 50 Basen auf der mRNA. In Bakterien wurde beobachtet, daß translatierende Ribosomen eine beschädigte mRNA gegen eine spezialisierte, stabile RNA (10 Sa RNA) austauschen, während die Proteinsynthese fortgesetzt wird.Die sensationelle Entdeckung der 21. DNA-kodierten Aminosäure Selenocystein bewies, daß der genetische Kode bisher keineswegs vollständig entziffert war. Überraschenderweise ist das Kodon für Selenocystein das UGA-Stopp-Kodon. Im Unterschied zu den zwanzig Standardaminosäuren enthält dieses Kodon nur die Information zur Positionierung der Aminosäure, während die Selenocystein-Spezifität auf einer besonderen mRNA-Sekundärstruktur beruht. Zur Dekodierung des Selenocystein-Kodons ist ein spezieller Translationsfaktor erforderlich, durch den sichergestellt wird, daß nur UGA-Kodonen mit der entsprechenden mRNA-Struktur als Selenocystein-Kodon erkannt werden.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19960260610
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Streit um das Neuron (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 27 (1997), S. 24-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Den gemeinsamen Nobelpreis erhielten Golgi und Cajal „in Anerkennung ihrer Arbeiten über die Struktur des Nervensystems“. Die Namen dieser beiden Wissenschaftler haben in der Biologie heute noch Klang. Der Spanier Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) führte bahnbrechende Untersuchungen an praktisch allen Teilen des Nervensystems durch, und die meisten seiner Befunde und Schlußfolgerungen haben bis in die Gegenwart Bestand. Der Italiener Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) erfand die erste und heute noch wichtige Färbemethode (Golgi-Färbung) zur vollständigen Darstellung einzelner Nervenzellen. Ironischerweise trugen Befunde, die andere mit der Golgi-Färbung erhoben, wesentlich dazu bei, Golgis eigene Ansichten über den Bau des Nervensystems zu Fall zu bringen. Im folgenden begegnen uns die beiden Preisträger als Wortführer im Lager der „Neuronisten“ und „Retikularisten“ (lat.reticulum - kleines oder feines Netzwerk). Doch davon später; folgen wir der Chronologie [1].
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960270114
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sonderaktion Krakau 1939 -  Die Verfolgung von polnischen Biowissenschaftlern und Hilfe durch Karl von Frisch Ich hoffe, daß Sie nun ungestört Ihrer Arbeit nachgehen können (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 22 (1992), S. 218-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Biologistische, pseudowissenschaftliche Vorstellungen waren fester Bestandteil der nationalsozialistischen Ideologie; hieraus wurde die angebliche Überlegenheit der eigenen, „nordisch-germanischen Rasse“ abgeleitet. Prominente Vertreter der „Deutschen Biologie“ formulierten „Lebensgesetze“, mit denen die Verfolgung und Unterdrückung ganzer Bevölkerungsgruppen legitimiert wurde  -  bis hin zur planmäßigen Vernichtung „lebensunwerten Lebens“ [I].Im Herbst 1939 wurde das von Deutschen besetzte Polen zum Experimentierfeld der nationalsozialistischen Rassen- und Bevölkerungspolitik. Die polnische Intelligenz- und Führungsschicht sollte vernichtet, das „Generalgouvernement Polen“ sollte zum Reservoir fur Arbeitssklaven werden; in Polen wurden schließlich die Vernichtungslager eingerichtet. Im August 1939 hatte Hitler in einer Ansprache vor Wehrmachtsbefehlshabern keinen Zweifel gelassen (hier zitiert aus einer Mitschrift vom 22.8.39:)Vernichtung Polens im Vordergrund. Ziel ist die Beseitigung der lebendigen Kräfte, nicht die Erreichung einer bestimmten Linie. Auch wenn im Westen Krieg ausbricht, bleibt Vernichtung Polens irn Vordergrund. Mit Rücksicht auf Jahreszeit schnelle Entscheidung. Ich werde propagandistischen Anlaß zur Auslösung des Krieges geben, gleichgültig, ob glaubhaft. Der Sieger wird später nicht danach gefragt, ob er die Wahrheit gesagt hat oder nicht. Bei Beginn und Führung des Krieges kommt es nicht auf das Recht an, sondern auf den Sieg. Herz verschließen gegen Mitleid. Brutales Vorgehen. 80 Millionen Menschen [das heißt die deutsche Bevölkerung] müssen ihr Recht bekommen. Ihre Existenz muß gesichert werden. Der Stärkere hat das Recht [2].Mit einer „Sonderaktion“ gegen Krakauer Hochschullehrer Anfang November 1939 erreichte die Durchführung dieser Pläne einen ersten Höhepunkt. Völlig überraschend verhaftete die Gestapo 183 Hochschullehrer aus allen Fakultäten der Krakauer Universitäten. Darunter waren allein 22 Biowissenschaftler. Fast alle hatten persönliche und wissenschaftliche Beziehungen zu Deutschland. Die Gefangenen wurden in das Konzentrationslager Sachsenhausen und später nach Dachau verschleppt. Dabei kamen 15 von ihnen ums Leben. Nach zahlreichen in- und ausländischen Interventionen wurden fast alle polnischen „Schutzhäftlinge“ bis Ende 1941 entlassen, doch starben weitere fünf Professoren nach ihrer Heimkehr an den Folgen der KZ-Haft. Bei den Anstrengungen zur Freilassung aus dem KZ Dachau war Karl von Frisch, der Münchner Zoologe und spätere Nobelpreisträger, maßgeblich beteiligt. Anhand von Dokumenten und Zeugenaussagen schildern wir Details der „Sonderaktion Krakau“ sowie wichtige historische Hintergründe. Stellvertretend für alle Verschleppten berichten wir über das Schicksal mehrerer Biologen und dokumentieren die erfolgreichen Bemühungen um ihre Freilassung.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19920220424
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